{"id":165776,"date":"2023-01-09T15:59:27","date_gmt":"2023-01-09T14:59:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/?p=165776"},"modified":"2025-09-11T21:05:09","modified_gmt":"2025-09-11T20:05:09","slug":"artificial-intelligence-definition","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/artificial-intelligence-definition","title":{"rendered":"Artificial Intelligence : Definition, history and risks"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"165776\" class=\"elementor elementor-165776\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fcaad3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"fcaad3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0337e51 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0337e51\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><b>Artificial intelligence is going to change the world, but it is still misunderstood by many people. Through this file, discover everything you need to know about AI: definition, functioning, history, different categories, case of use and applications &#8230;<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-23d4f5a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"23d4f5a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df0aae8 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"df0aae8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9f7e43d elementor-toc--minimized-on-tablet elementor-widget elementor-widget-table-of-contents\" data-id=\"9f7e43d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;headings_by_tags&quot;:[&quot;h3&quot;],&quot;exclude_headings_by_selector&quot;:&quot;#cursus-mtiers-tab, 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.elementor-toc__header-title{color:var(--header-color)}.elementor-widget-table-of-contents.elementor-toc--collapsed .elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse,.elementor-widget-table-of-contents:not(.elementor-toc--collapsed) .elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand{display:none}.elementor-widget-table-of-contents .elementor-widget-container{min-height:var(--box-min-height);border:var(--box-border-width,1px) solid var(--box-border-color,#9da5ae);border-radius:var(--box-border-radius,3px);background-color:var(--box-background-color);transition:min-height .4s;overflow:hidden}.elementor-toc__header{display:flex;align-items:center;justify-content:space-between;padding:var(--box-padding,20px);background-color:var(--header-background-color);border-bottom:var(--separator-width,1px) solid var(--box-border-color,#9da5ae)}.elementor-toc__header-title{font-size:18px;margin:0;color:var(--header-color)}.elementor-toc__toggle-button{cursor:pointer;display:inline-flex}.elementor-toc__toggle-button 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.elementor-toc__list-wrapper{margin-top:.5em;margin-left:var(--nested-list-indent,1em)}.elementor-toc__list-item-text:hover{color:var(--item-text-hover-color);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--item-text-hover-decoration);text-decoration:var(--item-text-hover-decoration)}.elementor-toc__list-item-text.elementor-item-active{color:var(--item-text-active-color);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--item-text-active-decoration);text-decoration:var(--item-text-active-decoration)}.elementor-toc__list-item-text-wrapper{display:flex;align-items:center}.elementor-toc__list-item-text-wrapper:before,.elementor-toc__list-item-text-wrapper i{margin-right:8px;color:var(--marker-color)}.elementor-toc__list-item-text-wrapper svg{margin-right:8px;fill:var(--marker-color);height:var(--marker-size,.5em);width:var(--marker-size,.5em)}.elementor-toc__list-item-text-wrapper i{font-size:var(--marker-size,.5em)}.elementor-toc__list-item-text-wrapper:before{font-size:var(--marker-size,1em)}.elementor-toc--content-ellipsis .elementor-toc__list-item-text{white-space:nowrap;overflow:hidden;text-overflow:ellipsis}.elementor-toc__list-items--collapsible>.elementor-toc__list-wrapper>.elementor-toc__list-item>.elementor-toc__list-wrapper{display:none}.elementor-toc__heading-anchor{position:absolute}.elementor-toc__body .elementor-toc__list-item-text{color:var(--item-text-color);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--item-text-decoration);text-decoration:var(--item-text-decoration)}.elementor-toc__body .elementor-toc__list-item-text:hover{color:var(--item-text-hover-color);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--item-text-hover-decoration);text-decoration:var(--item-text-hover-decoration)}.elementor-toc__body .elementor-toc__list-item-text.elementor-item-active{color:var(--item-text-active-color);-webkit-text-decoration:var(--item-text-active-decoration);text-decoration:var(--item-text-active-decoration)}ol.elementor-toc__list-wrapper{counter-reset:item}ol.elementor-toc__list-wrapper .elementor-toc__list-item{counter-increment:item}ol.elementor-toc__list-wrapper .elementor-toc__list-item-text-wrapper:before{content:counters(item,\".\") \". \"}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__header\" aria-controls=\"elementor-toc__body\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-toc__header-title\">\n\t\t\t\tTable of Content\t\t\t<\/h2>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--expand\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Open table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-down\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M207.029 381.476L12.686 187.132c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941l22.667-22.667c9.357-9.357 24.522-9.375 33.901-.04L224 284.505l154.745-154.021c9.379-9.335 24.544-9.317 33.901.04l22.667 22.667c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941L240.971 381.476c-9.373 9.372-24.569 9.372-33.942 0z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__toggle-button elementor-toc__toggle-button--collapse\" role=\"button\" tabindex=\"0\" aria-label=\"Close table of contents\"><svg aria-hidden=\"true\" class=\"e-font-icon-svg e-fas-chevron-up\" viewBox=\"0 0 448 512\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M240.971 130.524l194.343 194.343c9.373 9.373 9.373 24.569 0 33.941l-22.667 22.667c-9.357 9.357-24.522 9.375-33.901.04L224 227.495 69.255 381.516c-9.379 9.335-24.544 9.317-33.901-.04l-22.667-22.667c-9.373-9.373-9.373-24.569 0-33.941L207.03 130.525c9.372-9.373 24.568-9.373 33.941-.001z\"><\/path><\/svg><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__body\" aria-expanded=\"true\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toc__spinner-container\">\n\t\t\t\t<svg class=\"elementor-toc__spinner eicon-animation-spin e-font-icon-svg e-eicon-loading\" aria-hidden=\"true\" viewBox=\"0 0 1000 1000\" xmlns=\"http:\/\/www.w3.org\/2000\/svg\"><path d=\"M500 975V858C696 858 858 696 858 500S696 142 500 142 142 304 142 500H25C25 237 238 25 500 25S975 237 975 500 763 975 500 975Z\"><\/path><\/svg>\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50ec953 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"50ec953\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-379a875 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"379a875\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artificial intelligence (AI) is such a vast and revolutionary technology that it is difficult to give a precise definition. It can be considered a branch of computer science, with the goal of <\/span><b>creating machines capable of performing tasks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> traditionally requiring human intelligence.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, AI is an interdisciplinary science with multiple approaches. Today, Machine Learning and Deep Learning are two techniques used in companies in all industries.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a35f16 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"4a35f16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-849a400 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"849a400\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is Artificial Intelligence ?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c71b4b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c71b4b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1950, mathematician Alan Turing asked himself, &#8220;<\/span><b><i>Can machines think ?<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In reality, this simple question would change the world.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">He wrote an article &#8220;<\/span><b>Computing Machinery and Intelligence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8221; and the resulting &#8220;<\/span><b>Turing Test<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8221; laid the foundations for artificial intelligence, its vision, and its goals.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The goal of artificial intelligence is to answer Turing&#8217;s question affirmatively.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Its aim is to <\/span><b>replicate or simulate human intelligence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in machines.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is an ambitious goal that raises many questions and is the subject of debate. That is why there is not yet a single definition of artificial intelligence.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The description of &#8220;intelligent machines&#8221; does not explain what artificial intelligence really is or what makes a machine intelligent. To try to solve this problem, <\/span><b>Stuart Russell<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Peter Norvig<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published a book : &#8220;<\/span><b>Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;. In this book, the two experts unite their work on the theme of intelligent agents in machines. According to them, &#8220;<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">AI is the study of agents that receive perceptions of the environment and perform actions<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8221;\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">From their perspective, there are four distinct approaches that have historically defined the field of artificial intelligence :\u00a0<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human thought\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rational thought\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Human action<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Rational action.\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first two approaches are related to<\/span><b> reasoning and thought processing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, while the latter two have to do with <\/span><b>behavior<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In their book, P. Norvig and S. Russell focus primarily on rational agents capable of acting to achieve the best result.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">MIT Professor of Artificial Intelligence Patrick Winston defines AI as &#8220;<\/span><b><i>constraint-driven algorithms exposed by representations<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> supporting models linking thought, perception, and action<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d.\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another modern definition : <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><br \/><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Machines that react to simulations in the way humans do, with the <\/span><b>ability to contemplate, judge, and intend<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. These systems are <\/span><b>capable of making decisions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that normally require a human level of expertise. They have three qualities that constitute the essence of artificial intelligence: intentionality, intelligence, and adaptability.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These different definitions may seem abstract and complex. However, they establish Artificial Intelligence as a computer science.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2017, during the <\/span><b>Japan AI Experience<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, DataRobot CEO Jeremy Achin gave his own modern, humorous definition of AI: &#8220;<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artificial intelligence is a computer system <\/span><\/i><b><i>capable of performing tasks<\/i><\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that normally require human intelligence&#8230; a lot of these AI systems rely on Machine Learning, some on Deep Learning, and some on very boring things like rules<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cc8ce58 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"cc8ce58\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0fe47a7 elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0fe47a7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/machine-learning-engineer-course\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn to use Machine Learning<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa82846 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"fa82846\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-946d6cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"946d6cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are the uses of Artificial Intelligence ?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5573767 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5573767\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artificial intelligence has <\/span><b>several goals<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, including learning, reasoning and perception. It is used in all industries, from fashion to business, so much so that the applications are infinite and impossible to list exhaustively. <br \/><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the<\/span><b> field of health<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, it is used to develop personalized treatments, discover new drugs, or analyze medical imaging such as X-rays and MRIs. Virtual assistants can also <\/span><b>help patients and remind them<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to take pills or play sports to stay fit.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>retail sector<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> uses AI to deliver personalized recommendations and advertising to customers. It also makes it possible to <\/span><b>optimize the layout of products<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or to better manage inventories.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In <\/span><b>factories<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, artificial intelligence analyzes IoT equipment data to predict load and demand with Deep Learning. It also allows us to anticipate a possible malfunction to intervene early.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">On the other hand, <\/span><b>Banks exploit AI for fraud prevention<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and detection purposes. The technology also allows you to check if a customer will be able to pay the credit they request, and <\/span><b>automate data management tasks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">These are just a few examples of industries using artificial intelligence. As you can see, this revolutionary technology will change all sectors of activity in the coming years\u2026<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0507729 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"0507729\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e8dc62 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0e8dc62\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The history of Artificial Intelligence<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7070d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c7070d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>history of artificial intelligence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> began in 1943 with the publication of the article \u201c<\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d by <\/span><b>Warren McCullough<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Walter Pitts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In this paper, the scientists present the first mathematical model for the creation of a neural network.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The first neural network computer, <\/span><b>Snarc<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, was created in 1950 by two Harvard students: Marvin Minsky and Dean Edmonds. That same year, <\/span><b>Alan Turing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> published the Turing Test, which is still used today to evaluate AI.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1952, Arthur Samuel created software <\/span><b>capable of learning to play chess<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> autonomously. The term artificial intelligence will be used for the first time at the Dartmouth <\/span><b>Summer Research Project on Artificial Intelligence conference<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by John McCarthy in 1956.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">During this event, researchers present the goals and vision of AI. Many see this conference as <\/span><b>the true birth of artificial intelligence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> as it is known today.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 1959, Arthur Samuel invented the term <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/machine-learning-what-is-it-and-why-does-it-change-the-world\"><b>Machine Learning<\/b><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by working at IBM. John McCarthy and Marvin Minsky founded the MIT Artificial Intelligence Project. In 1963, John McCarthy also created the <\/span><b>AI Lab<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> at Stanford University.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the following years, doubt will put a chill on the field of AI. In 1966, the ALPAC report highlighted the <\/span><b>lack of progress in machine translation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> research aimed at translating Russian language instantly in a cold war context. Many U.S. government-funded projects will be canceled.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, in 1973, the British government published its report \u201c<\/span><b><i>Lighthill<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d highlighting the disappointments of AI research. Once again, budget cuts cut research projects. This period of doubt will last until 1980, and is now termed the \u201cfirst winter of AI\u201d.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This winter will end with the <\/span><b>creation of R1 (XCON)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by Digital Equipment Corporations. This commercial expert system is designed to <\/span><b>configure orders for new computer systems<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and causes a real investment boom that will continue for more than a decade.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Unfortunately, the machine market \u00a0 \u201c<\/span><b>Lisp<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d\u00a0 collapsed in 1987 due to the appearance of cheaper alternatives. This is the \u201c<\/span><b>second winter of AI<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> \u201c. Companies are losing interest in expert systems. The American and Japanese governments are abandoning their research projects, and billions of dollars have been <\/span><b>spent for nothing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ten years later, in 1997, the history of AI was marked by a major event. IBM\u2019s <\/span><b>IA Deep Blue<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> triumphs over world chess champion <\/span><b>Gary Kasparov<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. For the first time, man is defeated by the machine.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b75096b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"b75096b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9a4d896 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"9a4d896\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=NJarxpYyoFI&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-video .elementor-widget-container{overflow:hidden;transform:translateZ(0)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;border:none;background-color:#000}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ var(--video-aspect-ratio))}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-open-inline .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-size:cover;background-position:50%}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{cursor:pointer;text-align:center}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay:hover .elementor-custom-embed-play i{opacity:1}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{display:block;width:100%;aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio);-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:center center;object-position:center center}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ var(--video-aspect-ratio))}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}}.elementor-widget-video .e-hosted-video .elementor-video{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-video,.e-con>.elementor-widget-video{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0e323ad e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"0e323ad\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5088816 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5088816\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ten years later, technological advances are enabling a <\/span><b>renewal of artificial intelligence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. In 2008, Google made tremendous progress in speech recognition and launched this feature in its smartphone apps.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In 2012, <\/span><b>Andrew Ng<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> fed a neural network with 10 million YouTube videos as a training data set. Through Deep Learning, this neural network learns to recognize a cat without being taught what a cat is. This is the beginning of a <\/span><b>new era for Deep Learning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Another AI win over the Man in 2016, with Google DeepMind\u2019s AlphaGo system winning over Go\u2019s champion Lee Sedol. Artificial intelligence also conquers the field of video games, including DeepMind AlphaStar on Starcraft or OpenAI Five on Dota 2.<\/span><\/p><p><b>Deep Learning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><b>Machine Learning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are now used by companies in all industries for a multitude of applications. AI continues to grow and surprise with its performance. <\/span><b>The dream of general artificial intelligence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is getting closer and closer to reality\u2026<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-93da940 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"93da940\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-838a228 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"838a228\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">General AI vs Specialized AI<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee705ff elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ee705ff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">General artificial intelligence is a type of AI that is capable of <\/span><b>performing a wide range of tasks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, rather than being limited to a specific set of functions. It is also referred to as &#8220;strong AI&#8221; or &#8220;human-level AI.&#8221; In theory, a general AI system would be able to <\/span><b>perform any intellectual task that a human being can<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as understanding natural language, learning, planning, and problem-solving.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thus, the creation of a general AI remains for the moment the \u201cHoly Grail\u201d of AI researchers. It is an ambitious quest, but full of pitfalls. Despite technical advances, it remains very difficult to design a machine with<\/span><b> complete cognitive abilities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Specialized artificial intelligence (AI), on the other hand, is <\/span><b>designed to perform a specific task or a set of tasks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It is also known as &#8220;narrow AI,&#8221; &#8220;weak AI,&#8221; or &#8220;task-specific AI.&#8221; For example, a specialized AI system could be trained to recognize objects in images, translate text from one language to another, or <\/span><b>play chess at a high level <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">(IBM\u2019s IA Deep Blue). Specialized AI systems are currently <strong>more common<\/strong> than general AI systems, as they can be trained to perform specific tasks with a high degree of accuracy.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, even if such a machine may seem intelligent, it is much <\/span><b>more limited than human intelligence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This is only an imitation of the latter.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Examples include <strong>Google\u2019s web search engine<\/strong>, image recognition software, virtual assistants like Apple Siri or Amazon Alexa, <strong>autonomous vehicles<\/strong>, and software like IBM Watson.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-83ceb95 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"83ceb95\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c9fbef0 elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"c9fbef0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Discover DataScientest courses<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8633b3d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"8633b3d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce841d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ce841d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Machine Learning and Deep Learning : What differentiates ?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-914b35b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"914b35b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Machine learning and Deep Learning are the two <\/span><b>main artificial intelligence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> techniques currently used. The distinction between Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning can be confusing.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In reality, <\/span><b>Artificial Intelligence<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be defined as <\/span><b>a set of algorithms and techniques<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> aimed at imitating human intelligence., and deep learning is a machine learning technique.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Machine learning is a category of AI and involves feeding a computer with data. Machine Learning uses analysis techniques on this data to &#8220;learn&#8221; how to perform a task.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To do this, it does not need to be specifically programmed using millions of lines of code. This is why it is referred to as &#8220;<\/span><b>automatic learning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Machine learning can be &#8220;supervised&#8221; or &#8220;unsupervised.&#8221; <\/span><b>Supervised learning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is based on labeled data sets, while <\/span><b>unsupervised learning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is done using unlabeled data sets.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Deep Learning is a <\/span><b>type of machine learning<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that is directly inspired by the architecture of human brain neurons. An artificial neural network is composed of <\/span><b>multiple layers<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> through which data is processed. This allows the machine to &#8220;deepen&#8221; its learning by <\/span><b>identifying connections<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and altering ingested data to <\/span><b>achieve the best results<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d15a31 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"5d15a31\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b5e9b55 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b5e9b55\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The dangers of Artificial Intelligence<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9481f4f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9481f4f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artificial intelligence holds many promises for humanity\u2026 but it could also pose a more <\/span><b>dangerous threat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> than the nuclear bomb.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8221; Through its ability to learn and evolve autonomously, AI could one day surpass human intelligence. It could then decide to turn against its creators &#8221; .<\/span><\/i><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This grim omen may seem like a science fiction film, but it is a <\/span><b>real possibility<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Eminent experts have already sounded the alarm about artificial intelligence, like Stephen Hawking, Elon Musk or Bill Gates.&nbsp;<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">They see AI as an<\/span><b> imminent and inevitable risk<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> for years to come. That is why they are calling on governments to regulate this area so that it develops ethically and securely. More than 100 experts also called on the United Nations to ban \u201ckiller robots\u201d and other autonomous military weapons.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, other experts believe that the future of artificial intelligence depends solely on <\/span><b>how humans choose to use it<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Even seemingly harmless AI could be misused and misused. We can already see this with the rise of \u201c<\/span><b>DeepFakes<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u201d: fake videos created through Deep Learning to stage a person in a compromising situation.<\/span><\/p>\n<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Artificial intelligence will continue to develop rapidly over the next few years. It is up to humanity to choose which direction this development will take\u2026<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2f317e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"d2f317e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7578a5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"d7578a5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=XVS4Iw8zc88&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-960a002 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"960a002\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb54f38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cb54f38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You know all about artificial intelligence. Now discover our complete dossier on <\/span><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-science-definition-issues-and-use-cases\"><b>Data Science<\/b><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and take a closer look at<\/span> <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/machine-learning-what-is-it-and-why-does-it-change-the-world\"><b><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\">Machine Learning<\/span><\/b><\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0111c8c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"0111c8c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f9f87b elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"2f9f87b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [{\r\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n    \"name\": \"Machine Learning and Deep Learning : What differentiates ?\",\r\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"Machine learning and Deep Learning are the two main artificial intelligence techniques currently used. The distinction between Artificial Intelligence, Machine Learning, and Deep Learning can be confusing.\"\r\n    }\r\n  },{\r\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n    \"name\": \"What are the uses of Artificial Intelligence ?\",\r\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"Artificial intelligence has several goals, including learning, reasoning and perception. It is used in all industries, so much so that the applications are infinite and impossible to list exhaustively.\"\r\n    }\r\n  },{\r\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n    \"name\": \"What is artificial intelligence ?\",\r\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"The description of \\\"intelligent machines\\\" does not explain what artificial intelligence really is or what makes a machine intelligent. To try to solve this problem, Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig published a book : \\\"Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach\\\". In this book, the two experts unite their work on the theme of intelligent agents in machines. 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Through this file, discover everything you need to know about AI: definition, functioning, history, different categories, case of use and applications &#8230; Table of Content Artificial intelligence (AI) is such a vast and revolutionary technology that it is difficult [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":183088,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2427],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Artificial Intelligence : Definition, history and risks<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Artificial intelligence is going to change the world, but it is still misunderstood by many people. 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