{"id":174083,"date":"2023-11-27T10:59:20","date_gmt":"2023-11-27T09:59:20","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/?p=174083"},"modified":"2023-11-27T11:01:59","modified_gmt":"2023-11-27T10:01:59","slug":"sqlalchemy-what-is-it-whats-it-for","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/sqlalchemy-what-is-it-whats-it-for","title":{"rendered":"SQLAlchemy: What is it? What&#8217;s it for?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"174083\" class=\"elementor elementor-174083\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd917c2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"bd917c2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4f5f07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4f5f07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How to combine the flexibility of SQL with the simplicity and efficiency of the Python language? That's the ambition of SQLAlchemy. Discover everything you need to know about SQLAlchemy, a tool based on the object-relational mapping (ORM) principle.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b9adc2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"7b9adc2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de7e5f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"de7e5f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is object-relational mapping?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2dde76 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b2dde76\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SQLAlchemy<\/strong> is a tool based on the <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-non-relational-databases\">object-relational mapping (ORM) principle.<\/a><\/p><p>ORM is a computer technique that maps the schema of a relational database (<a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/sql-learn-all-about-the-programming-language-for-databases\">commonly known as SQL databases<\/a>) and the classes of an object-oriented programming language (in this case, Python).<\/p><p>It creates a virtual layer between us and the database, which we can then use to query the <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/selenium-python-euronews-web-scraping-case-study\">database directly from a Python script.<\/a><\/p><p>SQLAlchemy simplifies the connection between Python and SQL databases by automatically <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/pytest-for-python-why-and-how-to-use-it\">converting Python<\/a> class calls into SQL statements. This makes it possible to query relational databases in a Pythonic way.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab75cd6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"ab75cd6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40fca09 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"40fca09\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Parts\/Decomposition Alchemy<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75702f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75702f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>SQLAlchemy<\/strong> can be divided into several parts:<\/p><ol><li>The engine, which is used to connect to the database and communicate our queries: <code>create_engine()<\/code>. Typically, you pass a string argument indicating the location of the database (local path or URL), the database driver\/dialect, and connection arguments (which can include credentials). In the following example, we use <strong>SQLite with a local database:\u00a0<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>engine = create_engine(&#8220;sqlite:\/\/\/base1.db&#8221;, echo=False)<\/p><p>However, you could also use PostgreSQL:<\/p><p>engine = create_engine(&#8220;postgresql:\/\/\/base1.db&#8221;, echo=False)<\/p><ol start=\"2\"><li><p>DBAPI stands for &#8220;<a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/python-all-you-need-to-know\">Python Database API Specification.<\/a>&#8221; SQLAlchemy, like other database connection packages, is built on this global interface and adds its specific services on top of it.<\/p><\/li><li><p>SQLAlchemy also allows you to manage the Data Modification Language (DML) part of SQL, which includes basic table modification operations known as CRUD operations (Create, Read, Update, Delete).<\/p><\/li><\/ol><p><strong>SQLAlchemy<\/strong> maps <strong>SQL INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE<\/strong> statements to its own methods: <code>insert<\/code>, <code>update<\/code>, and <code>delete<\/code>, thanks to the ORM mechanism. This allows you to modify tables in an object-oriented way, as shown in the following example.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c988bff elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"c988bff\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/robinTdatascientest\/783f907e5bd16953f980031cd29dd4f1.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-772f199 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"772f199\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We connect to the database via .connect(), then give SQL statements (INSERT to create a row, <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/sql-delete-how-do-i-use-this-query\">DELETE to delete it,<\/a> SELECT for a simple read) followed by .execute() to send them to the database.<\/p><ul><li><strong>Metadata<\/strong> and strict table schema are common features of relational databases.<\/li><li><strong>SQL alchemy<\/strong> provides predefined classes to facilitate Data Definition Language (DDL), i.e. the part of SQL concerned with the creation of relational database schemas (type, keys, etc.).<\/li><li>For example, the <strong>Column<\/strong> class represents a field in the table, Integer specifies that the field is of type &#8220;INT&#8221;, and String that it is a &#8220;varchar&#8221;.<\/li><li>The <strong>ForeignKey<\/strong> class specifies that the column is a foreign key. Note that all these classes inherit from a global class called <strong>MetaData.<\/strong><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-49ffafe elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"49ffafe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/robinTdatascientest\/7685b2afc933783f907d1b6ca4de875e.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e92dd4 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"9e92dd4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn how to use SQLAlchemy<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-392eafd elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"392eafd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li>In this second example, we create a new Locations table containing locations in new regions, and <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/crud-definition-and-operation\">perform CRUD operations on it.<\/a><\/li><li>To this end, <strong>SQLAlchemy<\/strong> provides us with pre-mastered classes such as Column or Table.<\/li><li>Note that <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/sql-insert-into-insert-data-with-this-sql-query\">Python functions such as .insert()<\/a> , update, .where or delete are used instead of SQL.<\/li><li>However, the syntax of elementary functions such as engine, .connect(),execute may put some people off, as you have to provide your own SQL code to interact with your database.<\/li><li>A session allows us to perform the same operations (read, write and delete operations) using more easily manipulated Python objects, which are then mapped to the database.<\/li><li>Sessions are therefore used to <strong>perform object relationship management (ORM)<\/strong>, and also keep track of objects that have been modified during the session.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-275ce50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"275ce50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">An example to illustrate this more practical interface:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-59d3908 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"59d3908\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/robinTdatascientest\/18b898b3f464ed1e0203a60dfe3dbc76.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a8fe88 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7a8fe88\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">We<strong> carry out the same operations as before,<\/strong> but we notice that the syntax is much lighter: sessionmaker is used to define our session, which allows us to use only Python methods to communicate instructions to the database via a Python class, in this case Pokemon, which uses the pokedex table via the __tablename__ parameter.<\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\">We can then retrieve information from the database via the query() method, filter the results with filter_by() and then delete the object from the session with the delete() method.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67b3fe7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"67b3fe7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Finally, let&#8217;s <strong>illustrate the notion of upsert , at the end of this last example.<\/strong><\/p><p>We want to add several pok\u00e9mons to our database, but we don&#8217;t know whether it already contains some or not.<\/p><p>To avoid adding duplicates, we&#8217;ll use the merge() function, which will update the information on pok\u00e9mons already in the database (update) or insert a new row in the table (insert).<\/p><p>This combination of update and insert is called upsert.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1024874 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"1024874\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-67e7489 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"67e7489\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What are SQLAlchemy's uses?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf277e9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cf277e9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>ORM, and more generally <strong>SQLAlchemy,<\/strong> is suitable for the following situations:<\/p><ul><li>basic use of <strong>CRUD operations<\/strong><\/li><li>Writing better tests and data fixtures for data consistency,<\/li><li><strong>SQLAlchemy<\/strong> is DataBase agnostic. This means that our python code will be the same for all SQL environments and dialects such as SQlite, PostGReSQL or Oracle.<\/li><li>This improves interoperability with the rest of your application, so you can change database systems without having to change your code.<\/li><li>Instead of juggling between different SQL dialects, the open source <strong>SQL Alchemy<\/strong> toolkit allows us to streamline our workflow and process our data efficiently from within the Python language.<\/li><li>Writing table schema constraints directly from our Python script.<\/li><li>Representing relational databases in Python classes not only improves code quality and avoids duplication, making maintenance easier, but also enables objects to be stored in a memory cache.<\/li><li>This speeds up data access by reducing the number of queries, and increases performance.<\/li><li>If you don&#8217;t have a cloud-hosted database such as a <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-warehouse-2\">Datawarehouse<\/a>, you can use the open-source PostGreSQL database via SQLAlchemy.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c7bb9a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c7bb9a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It should be noted, however, that ORM is ill-suited to the processing of voluminous data, as well as to <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/etl-or-extract-transform-load-definition-and-use\">ETL processes.<\/a> In the latter case, dbt would be more appropriate (packages, macros, tests).<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dfed6f4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"dfed6f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e7219a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8e7219a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b9594d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7b9594d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Are you passionate about SQL, Python and the world of data, and want to discover essential tools like dbt, Spark or SQLAlchemy?<\/p><p>Join our Data Analyst, Data Scientist or Analytics Engineer training courses at DataScientest to <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/big-data-training-everything-you-need-to-know\">perfect your knowledge of the subject via the Big Data sprint courses.ig<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-073a47e elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"073a47e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Find out more about our training courses<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92cb085 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"92cb085\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c4af68 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"3c4af68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [{\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"What is the principle of object-relational mapping?\",\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"SQLAlchemy is a tool based on the principle of object-relational mapping (ORM). 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SQLAlchemy is a tool based on the object-relational mapping (ORM) principle. ORM is [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":174085,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2425],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>SQLAlchemy: What is it? 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