{"id":177177,"date":"2024-01-21T10:23:55","date_gmt":"2024-01-21T09:23:55","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/?p=177177"},"modified":"2024-01-21T10:26:17","modified_gmt":"2024-01-21T09:26:17","slug":"brownian-motion-principle-and-practical-uses","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/brownian-motion-principle-and-practical-uses","title":{"rendered":"Brownian motion: principle and practical uses"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"177177\" class=\"elementor elementor-177177\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66222ef e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"66222ef\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8295b60 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"8295b60\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dcf0e9f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dcf0e9f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<h2>Let&#8217;s take a micrometer-sized particle immersed in a fluid. This particle will have a random motion due to the impact of other small particles on this &#8220;big&#8221; particle. This is the principle of Brownian motion, also known as the Wiener process.<\/h2>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c63aad3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c63aad3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Historically, it was in 1827 that <strong>botanist Robert Brown<\/strong> discovered <strong>Brownian motion.<\/strong> He observed the chaotic motion of pollen grains in water.<\/p><p>From 1857 onwards, Robert Brown&#8217;s work began to arouse great interest, and several scientists defined the properties of Brownian motion.<\/p><p>It wasn&#8217;t until Albert Einstein in 1905 that<strong> Brownian motion<\/strong> was described quantitatively. In particular, he related the root mean square of the distance travelled to the duration of the observation. His calculations were validated experimentally by Jean Perrin. Perrin&#8217;s experiments also led to the determination of Avogadro&#8217;s constant.<\/p><p><strong>Brownian motion<\/strong> has applications in many fields. In physics, it is used to determine the motion of small particles such as aerosols in the air. A random force is taken into account (notably in Langevin&#8217;s equations).<\/p><p><strong>Brownian motion<\/strong> also has mathematical applications in stochastic processes: probabilistic models that allow us to study a random phenomenon over time. This is widely used in probability, and there are <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/synergies-unveiled-the-dynamic-intersection-of-data-science-and-finance\">several applications in finance.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7c0cf5 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b7c0cf5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/aws-training\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Discover our training courses<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-145136c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"145136c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The application of Brownian motion to the micromanipulation of DNA molecules<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-281d731 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"281d731\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. The principle<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64ebfeb elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"64ebfeb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As an example, we&#8217;re going to look at one of the physical applications of <strong>Brownian motion,<\/strong> which is the micromanipulation of the DNA molecule. DNA molecules can be micromanipulated using a variety of tools, such as optical tweezers or<strong> magnetic tweezers.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c79adb1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c79adb1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/figure\/Principe-de-la-micromanipulation-dune-molecule-dADN-Les-molecules-dADN-sont_fig36_28612296\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"439\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/08\/illu_schema_brownien-36-1-1024x562.jpg\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-94169\" alt=\"mouvement brownien\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/08\/illu_schema_brownien-36-1-1024x562.jpg 1024w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/08\/illu_schema_brownien-36-1-300x165.jpg 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/08\/illu_schema_brownien-36-1-768x422.jpg 768w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/08\/illu_schema_brownien-36-1-1536x844.jpg 1536w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/08\/illu_schema_brownien-36-1-2048x1125.jpg 2048w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Principle of micromanipulation of a DNA molecule.<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15fdf16 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15fdf16\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The principle of micromanipulation is as follows:<\/p><ul><li>One end of the DNA molecule is attached to a glass capillary.<\/li><li>A magnetic ball is attached to the other end. This ball is placed in the field of a magnet.<\/li><li>By moving the magnets, the DNA molecule is pulled or rotated to create twists.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0946dbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"0946dbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. The benefits of Brownian motion<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aaed036 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aaed036\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With this<strong> background in mind, the question arises: where does Brownian motion come into play?<\/strong><\/p><p>The force required to stretch the <strong>DNA molecule gives some pretty important information about our macromolecule.<\/strong><\/p><p>This force is very weak (on the order of a piconewton, i.e. 10-12 Newtons). Being weak, it is not easily measurable using conventional measuring devices, which are limited by thermal agitation.<\/p><p>However, Brownian motion will enable us to measure the force. Indeed, thermal agitation will create a random force that will move the ball away from its equilibrium position. Calculations show that the stretching <strong>force of the DNA<\/strong> molecule is directly related to the root-mean-square fluctuations.<\/p><p>Now we need to determine the root-mean-square fluctuations. To do this, we need to draw inspiration from <strong>Jean Perrin&#8217;s experiment.<\/strong><\/p><p>The first step is to record the movements of the spherical particle placed at the end of the<strong> DNA molecule<\/strong>, using a camera connected to a microscope. <br \/>Secondly, video recognition software is used to access the coordinates of the ball at each instant. The coordinates are then used to calculate<strong> Brownian fluctuations.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3c085f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3c085f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">3. Using Python to access the ball's coordinates<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c71d66a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c71d66a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>From the video, we can access the ball&#8217;s coordinates in a much more complex way, thanks to Python.<\/p><p>In fact, once the video has been converted into a succession of images. <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/exploring-imageio-a-comprehensive-guide-to-the-python-library\">We use Python&#8217;s imageio library.<\/a> It lets you work with images by presenting them as 3-dimensional arrays. The first two dimensions allow us to determine the position of a pixel, and the third dimension gives us information on color intensity (which will give us the color of the pixel). Once the images have been converted to grayscale, we can return to a two-dimensional array, since the values in the third dimension will all be equal (because the image is in grayscale). All we need to do is create functions that use a barycentric method to determine the coordinates of the pixel with the highest intensity. By repeating this process over the succession of images, we end up with our ball coordinates at each instant.<\/p><p>Access to the coordinates gives us access to the<strong> Brownian fluctuations, then to the stretching force of the DNA molecule.<\/strong><\/p><p>In this way, Brownian motion is very useful in the micromanipulation of the DNA molecule. The work on video analysis is also a very important element. As we have seen, this process can be carried out using Python.<\/p><p>The training courses offered by DataScientest enable you to master Python, an indispensable tool in data science. We also offer a module on image processing: Introduction to<a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/u-net-computer-visions-neural-network\"> computer vision with OpenCV.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b321069 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"b321069\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Find out more about our data science training courses<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af3489b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"af3489b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">About the author... <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a3580e elementor-widget elementor-widget-testimonial\" data-id=\"6a3580e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"testimonial.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-testimonial-wrapper{overflow:hidden;text-align:center}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-content{font-size:1.3em;margin-bottom:20px}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-name{line-height:1.5;display:block}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-job{font-size:.85em;display:block}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta{width:100%;line-height:1}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta-inner{display:inline-block}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta .elementor-testimonial-details,.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta .elementor-testimonial-image{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta .elementor-testimonial-image img{width:60px;height:60px;border-radius:50%;-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;max-width:none}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta.elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside .elementor-testimonial-image{padding-right:15px}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta.elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside .elementor-testimonial-details{text-align:left}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta.elementor-testimonial-image-position-top .elementor-testimonial-details,.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta.elementor-testimonial-image-position-top .elementor-testimonial-image{display:block}.elementor-testimonial-wrapper .elementor-testimonial-meta.elementor-testimonial-image-position-top .elementor-testimonial-image{margin-bottom:20px}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-content\">A student at engineering school and the University of Paris-Saclay, he specializes in applied mathematics, data science and artificial intelligence.<\/div>\n\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta elementor-has-image elementor-testimonial-image-position-aside\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-meta-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-image\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"2560\" height=\"3062\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/09\/image.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-96640\" alt=\"Avraham rosenberg\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/09\/image.png 2560w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/09\/image-251x300.png 251w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/09\/image-856x1024.png 856w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/09\/image-768x919.png 768w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/09\/image-1284x1536.png 1284w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2021\/09\/image-1712x2048.png 1712w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 2560px) 100vw, 2560px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-details\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-testimonial-name\">Avraham Rosenberg<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c653449 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"c653449\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Let&#8217;s take a micrometer-sized particle immersed in a fluid. This particle will have a random motion due to the impact of other small particles on this &#8220;big&#8221; particle. This is the principle of Brownian motion, also known as the Wiener process. Historically, it was in 1827 that botanist Robert Brown discovered Brownian motion. He observed [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":177187,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2425],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Brownian motion: principle and practical uses<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Delve into the fascinating world of Brownian motion. Understand its underlying principles and explore the practical applications of this stochastic process in various fields, from finance and physics to biology. Uncover how Brownian motion contributes to our understanding of random movements and dynamic systems in the real world.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/brownian-motion-principle-and-practical-uses\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Brownian motion: principle and practical uses\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Let&#039;s take a micrometer-sized particle immersed in a fluid. 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