{"id":178058,"date":"2024-02-09T18:23:13","date_gmt":"2024-02-09T17:23:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/?p=178058"},"modified":"2024-02-09T18:24:08","modified_gmt":"2024-02-09T17:24:08","slug":"programming-and-documenting-an-api-with-python-flask-swagger-and-connexion","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/programming-and-documenting-an-api-with-python-flask-swagger-and-connexion","title":{"rendered":"Programming and documenting an API with Python, Flask, Swagger and Connexion"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"178058\" class=\"elementor elementor-178058\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43c6412 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"43c6412\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b8350d2 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"b8350d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dee7b01 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dee7b01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>In the previous two articles, we saw a first example of programming a Web API with Flask and how to connect a Web <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/api-rest-what-is-it-whats-it-for\">API<\/a> to an SqLite database.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e56f5d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8e56f5d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In what follows, we&#8217;ll look at how to build <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/api-rest-what-is-it-whats-it-for\">REST APIs<\/a> with input and output validation and documentation automatically generated by Swagger\/OpenAPI. We&#8217;ll also see how to use the API with JavaScript to update the DOM (Document Object Model), i.e. the structure of the web page displayed. The REST API we&#8217;re going to build will enable us to manipulate a directory of people, identified by their surname. Updates will be marked with a &#8220;timestamp&#8221; (date\/time). The directory could be manipulated in the form of a database, a file, or via a network protocol, but to simplify things initially, we&#8217;ll use in-memory data.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-367608c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"367608c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote><p>One of the aims of APIs is to decouple data from the applications that use it, by making the details of data implementation transparent.<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f9fe7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f9fe7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ol>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"#API1\"><b>The REST methodology<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"#API2\"><b>What REST is not<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"#API3\"><b>First steps<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"#API4\"><b>Connection<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"#API5\"><b>Swagger\/OpenAPI<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"#API6\"><b>CompleteAPI<\/b><\/a><\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#API7\"><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><strong>Web Application<\/strong><\/span><\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#API8\"><strong><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\">Bibliographic references<\/span><\/strong><\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b1d498 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"0b1d498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\nbody.elementor-page .elementor-widget-menu-anchor{margin-bottom:0}<\/style>\t\t<div id=\"API1\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7aa7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b7aa7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">1. REST methodology<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3536531 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3536531\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\">We mentioned the<\/span> <strong><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\">REST methodology<\/span><\/strong> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">in the first article. We&#8217;ll now take a closer look.<\/span><\/span><\/p><p><strong><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\">REST can be thought of as a set of conventions leveraging the HTTP protocol to provide CRUD (Create, Read, Update, Delete) tools acting on entities or collections of entities over the internet.<\/span><\/strong><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">CRUD can be mapped to HTTP in the following way:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c964da9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c964da9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7506071 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"7506071\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"API2\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52ce2fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"52ce2fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">2. Ce que REST n\u2019est pas<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2dbade elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d2dbade\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Because the REST methodology is so useful and helps to fine-tune the way you interact with an API, it is <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>sometimes misused<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">, for problems to which it is not suited.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">In many cases, we want to perform an action directly. Let&#8217;s take the example of substituting a string.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here is an example of a URL allowing <\/span><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">a priori<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">to do this:<\/span><\/span><\/p><p><b style=\"color: #6e4bec;\" data-stringify-type=\"bold\">\/api\/substituteString\/&lt;string&gt;\/&lt;search_string&gt;\/&lt;sub_string&gt; <\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2fac0f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2fac0f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Here, denotes the string on which we want to make the substitution, is the substring to be replaced and is the new substring.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">You can most certainly design code on the server that will perform the desired operation, but this poses problems in terms of REST.<\/span>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">First problem: the URL doesn&#8217;t point to a single resource, so what it returns depends entirely on the path specified.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Second problem: No CRUD concept matches this URL.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Third problem: The meaning of the path variables depends on their position in the URL.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">This could be fixed by modifying the URL to use a query:<\/span>\n\n<b style=\"color: #6e4bec;\" data-stringify-type=\"bold\">\/api\/substituteString? string=&lt;string&gt;&amp;search_string=&lt;search_string&gt;&amp;sub_string=&lt;sub_string&gt; <\/b>\n\nBut the URL portion \/api\/substituteString does not designate a <b data-stringify-type=\"bold\">entity<\/b> (is not a name) or a\ncollection <b data-stringify-type=\"bold\">of entities<\/b>: it designates an action (it is a verb).\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This does not fall within the REST conventions and therefore does not correspond to an API. What the previous URL represents is actually a <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>RPC<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Remote Procedure Call).<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Conceptualising what you want to do as an RPC is more relevant. This is all the more so because REST and RPC conventions can coexist without any problems within an API.<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-618f073 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"618f073\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"API3\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1189c04 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1189c04\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In the following example, we&#8217;re going to develop a REST API to access a directory of people and perform <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/crud-definition-and-operation\">CRUD operations on it.<\/a><\/p><p>Here&#8217;s the API design:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f673736 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f673736\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">We&#8217;re going to start by creating a very simple web server using the Flask development framework.<\/span\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">We create a directory <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>api<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <span style=\"color: #000000;\">a subdirectory <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>version_1<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">then a subdirectory <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>templates<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">or save the following programs:<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>server.py<\/b><\/span>.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-653c190 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"653c190\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/adrianalazureanu\/81a6f73c741cb9de9f129019704e0183.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-61595de elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"61595de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>templates\/home.html<\/b><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39b2f87 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"39b2f87\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/adrianalazureanu\/c5592e4a6fe6792aa9808bc48265d6b4.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e9b4af6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e9b4af6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; colour: #000000;\">We&#8217;re going to start by creating a very simple web server using the Flask development framework.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; colour: #000000;\">We create a directory <\/span><span style=\"colour: #6e4bec;\"><b>api<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <span style=\"colour: #000000;\">a subdirectory <\/span><\/span><span style=\"colour: #6e4bec;\"><b>version_1<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">then a subdirectory <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>templates<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">or save the following programs:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>server.py<\/b><\/span>.<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">We&#8217;ll start by creating a very simple web server using the Flask development framework.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; colour: #000000;\">We create a directory <\/span><span style=\"colour: #6e4bec;\"><b>api<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <span style=\"colour: #000000;\">a subdirectory <\/span><\/span><span style=\"colour: #6e4bec;\"><b>version_1<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\">,<\/span> <span style=\"color: #000000;\">then a sub-catalogue <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>templates<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">or save the following program:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"colour: #6e4bec;\"><b>server.py<\/b><\/span>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a15a3ae elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a15a3ae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/unnamed-1.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4a62e20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"4a62e20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"API4\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e6ffd6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5e6ffd6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">4. Connexion<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45f4f6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45f4f6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Now that we have a working Web service, we can add a <strong>REST API<\/strong> endpoint. To do this, we&#8217;ll install the Connexion module.<\/p><p>To do this, type the following in a terminal window<a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/step-by-step-guide-installing-tensorflow-with-anaconda-on-macos\"> (assuming you are working under Anaconda):<\/a><\/p><p>conda install -c conda-forge connection<\/p><p>You can now import it into Python.<\/p><p>Next, create a version_2 subdirectory in the api directory and save the following programs there:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2055ee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2055ee7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">server.py<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6d79f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"c6d79f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/adrianalazureanu\/d0e84b1451795fe56a0a98c8b3912e22.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e9fbcf elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"9e9fbcf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">swagger.yml<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ecade8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"1ecade8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/adrianalazureanu\/08d5dae63be1888cf4878af7370b5921.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87e5820 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"87e5820\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">In order to use Connexion, we first import it, then create the application using Connexion rather than Flask. The Flask application is still created underneath, but with additional functionality.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The creation of the application instance includes a <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>specification_dir<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> parameter. It tells Connexion where to find the configuration file, in this case the current directory.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The line <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>app.add_api (&#8216;swagger.yml&#8217;)<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tells the instance to read the file <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>swagger. yml <\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">in the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>specification_dir<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and configure the system for Connexion.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The file <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>swagger. yml<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">file is a YAML (or JSON) file containing the information needed to configure the server, ensure input and output validation, provide request URLs and configure the Swagger user interface (UI).<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">The preceding code defines the GET \/ api\/people request. The code is organized hierarchically, with indentation defining the degree of membership or scope.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>paths<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> defines the root of all API URLs. The <\/span><b>\/<span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\">people<\/span><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> indented following defines the root of all \/api\/people URLs. The <\/span><b><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\">get<\/span>:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> indented following defines a GET request to the URL<\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b> \/api\/people<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and so on for the entire configuration file.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the file <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>swagger. yml<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we configure Connection with the value <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>operationId<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to call the module <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>people<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>read<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> function of this module when the API receives an HTTP request of type <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>GET \/api\/people<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. This means that a <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>people.py<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> module must exist and contain a read( ) function.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Here is the people.py module:<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>people.py<\/b><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92e71c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"92e71c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/adrianalazureanu\/33467c6be62b2a7661049d5c6e86720a.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-14de340 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"14de340\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the module <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>people. py<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> first appears the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>get_timestamp( )<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> function, which generates a representation of the current date\/time in the form of a string. It is used to modify data when a change request is passed to the API.<\/span><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Next, we define a PEOPLE dictionary which is a simple database of names, having the surname as the key.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">PEOPLE is a module variable and its state therefore persists between API calls.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>In a real application, PEOPLE data would reside in a database, file or web resource, i.e. it would persist regardless of application execution<\/b><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/i><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Then comes the read( ) function, which is called when the server receives an HTTP GET request for \/api\/people.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The return value of this function is converted to JSON format (as specified by <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>produces:<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the configuration file <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>swagger. yml<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">).<\/span><\/span><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This consists of the list of people sorted alphabetically by surname. At this point, we can run the program <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>server.py<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> using the command:<\/span><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>$ python server.py<\/b><\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">which gives the following result by entering as address <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>http:\/\/0.0.0.0:8080\/api\/people<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the browser bar:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb22027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bb22027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/unnamed-2.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-968f027 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"968f027\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"API5\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e52cb4b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e52cb4b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">5. Swagger\/OpenAPI<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-03bf72c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"03bf72c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">We&#8217;ve thus built a simple API that allows a single request. However, we can ask ourselves the following question, especially since we saw how to obtain the same result much more simply with Flask in our first article:<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">What does configuration using the <strong><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\">swagger.yml<\/span><\/strong> file provide?<\/span><\/i><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In fact, in addition to the API a Swagger User Interface (UI) (OpenAPI) has been created by Connexion. To access it, simply type <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>http:\/\/localhost:8080\/api\/ui<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"> We get the following result:<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db48bc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"db48bc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/unnamed-3.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a2899af elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a2899af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Click on People to display the potential query:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-beca498 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"beca498\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/unnamed-4.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c61e2a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4c61e2a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>When you click on the request, the interface displays the following additional information:<\/p><p>The structure of the response<br \/>The format of the response (content-type)<\/p><p>The text entered in swagger.yml about the request<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f64c580 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"f64c580\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/unnamed-5.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c7c798 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c7c798\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">You can even try out the query by clicking on the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>Try It Out! <\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">at the bottom of the screen.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">The interface expands the display even further and the result is:<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c661f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2c661f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/unnamed-6.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1bf596 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e1bf596\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This is all very useful when you have a complete API since it allows you to test and experiment with the API without writing any code. <\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> As well as being handy for accessing documentation, the Swagger\/OpenAPI interface has the advantage of being updated as soon as the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>swagger.yml<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> file is updated.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In addition, the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>swagger.yml <\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">provides a methodical way of designing all the queries, ensuring a rigorous API design. Finally, it decouples the Python code from the query configuration, which can be very useful when designing APIs that support Web applications. We&#8217;ll see an example of this in the sequel.<\/span><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7084197 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"7084197\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"API6\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5274c38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5274c38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">6. Full API<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-86e0c54 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"86e0c54\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Our goal was to create an API offering CRUD access to our PEOPLE data. To do this, we are completing the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>swagger.yml<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"> configuration file and the <\/span><b>people.py<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\"> module to meet our API specifications.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The completed files are accessible in the subdirectory<\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>version_3<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> under GitHub: <\/span><\/span><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"https:\/\/github. com\/salimlardjane1\/projects\/tree\/version_3\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/github.com\/salimlardjane1\/projects\/tree\/version_3<\/span><\/a>.\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Executing <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>server.py<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> then gives, as far as the Swagger\/OpenAPI interface is concerned:<\/span><\/span>.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97a8588 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"97a8588\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/unnamed-7.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc11b75 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bc11b75\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The previous interface provides access to the documentation populated in the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>swagger.yml<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> file and interacts with all the URLs implementing the API&#8217;s CRUD functionality.<\/span><\/span>.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b4e0113 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"b4e0113\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"API7\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bc9a256 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bc9a256\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">7. Web application<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3cb89b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d3cb89b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">We now have a documented <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>REST API<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that we can interact with using Swagger\/OpenAPI.<\/span><\/span>.\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">How do we go further?<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The next step is to create a <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>Web application<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> illustrating the practical use of the API.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">We create a web application that displays the people in the database on the screen and allows us to add people, update people&#8217;s data and delete people from the database. This will be done using AJAX requests issued from JavaScript to the URLs in our API.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To begin with, we need to complete the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>home.html<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> file, which controls the structure and appearance of the web application&#8217;s home page, as follows:<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\">home.html<\/span> <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">file is available <span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/salimlardjane1\/projects\/tree\/version_4\">on GitHub<\/a><\/span>:<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>templates<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> subdirectory of the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>version_4<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span> directory.\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The HTML program completes the initial <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>home.html<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> program by adding a call to the external <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>normalize. min.css<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (https:\/\/ necolas.github.io\/normalize.css\/), which is used to normalise the display on different browsers.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">It also makes use of the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>jquery-3.3.1.min.js<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> file (https:\/\/ jquery.com), which provides jQuery functionality in JavaScript. These are used to program the interactivity of the page.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">The HTML code defines the static part of the application. The dynamic parts will be provided by JavaScript when the page is accessed and when the user interacts with it.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>home.html<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> file refers to two static files: <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>static\/css\/home. css<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>static\/js\/home.js<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\">. <\/span>The directory named <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>static <\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">is immediately recognised by the Flask application and the contents of the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>css<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>js<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is thus accessible from the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>home. html<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The files <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>home.css<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>home. js<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> are <span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"https:\/\/github.com\/salimlardjane1\/projects\/tree\/version_4\">available on GitHub:<\/a><\/span><\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">We&#8217;ll talk more about CSS and JavaScript in the next article.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When we go to the <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>version_4<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> directory and run <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>server. py<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, we get the following result in the browser:<\/span><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7186843 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7186843\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/04\/unnamed-8.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff4e46b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff4e46b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>Create<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> button allows the user to add a person to the catalogue on the server.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Double-clicking on a line in the table brings up the first and last name in the input fields.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>update<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the user must change the first name, the surname being the search key.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>delete<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> a person from the directory, simply click on <\/span><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>Delete<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/span>.\n\n<span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"color: #6e4bec;\"><b>Reset<\/b><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> empties input fields.<\/span><\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">So we&#8217;ve built a small, functional web application.<\/span>\n\n<span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">We&#8217;ll look at how it works in more detail in the next article.<\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-364a3f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"364a3f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"API8\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5c2a2b2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5c2a2b2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">8. R\u00e9f\u00e9rences bibliographiques<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8f7e77c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8f7e77c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Creating Web APIs with Python and Flask, <\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Patrick Smyth, 2022 :<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"https:\/\/programminghistorian. org\/en\/lessons\/creating-apis-with-python-and-flask\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/programminghistorian.org\/en\/lessons\/creating-apis-with-python-and-flask<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Python REST APIs With Flask, Connexion, and SQLAlchemy<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Doug Farrell, 2022 : <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"https:\/\/realpython. com\/flask-connexion-rest-api\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/realpython.com\/flask-connexion-rest-api\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. <\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Python REST APIs With Flask, Connexion, and SQLAlchemy<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, Doug Farrell, 2022 : <\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"https:\/\/realpython. com\/flask-connexion-rest-api-part-2\/\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/realpython.com\/flask-connexion-rest-api-part-2\/<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flask RESTful documentation<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, 2020 :<\/span><\/span><span style=\"color: #5e36f3;\"><a style=\"color: #5e36f3;\" href=\"https:\/\/flask-restful. readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/index.html\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">https:\/\/flask-restful.readthedocs.io\/en\/latest\/index.html<\/span><\/a><\/span><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"colour: #000000;\"><i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Flask Web Development : Developing Web Applications with Python<\/span><\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (2nd edition). M. Grinberg. O&#8217;Reilly 2018.<\/span><\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul><ul><li style=\"list-style-type: none;\"><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><i style=\"color: #000000;\">Architectural Styles and the Design of Network-Based Software Architectures<\/i><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. T. Fielding. Thesis, University of California, 2000.<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the previous two articles, we saw a first example of programming a Web API with Flask and how to connect a Web API to an SqLite database. In what follows, we&#8217;ll look at how to build REST APIs with input and output validation and documentation automatically generated by Swagger\/OpenAPI. We&#8217;ll also see how to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":178059,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2425],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Programming and documenting an API with Python, Flask, Swagger and Connexion<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Python Flask Swagger: When you are looking for a documentation or API in order to combine these tools, you have to...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/programming-and-documenting-an-api-with-python-flask-swagger-and-connexion\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" 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