{"id":178327,"date":"2024-03-06T22:10:12","date_gmt":"2024-03-06T21:10:12","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/?p=178327"},"modified":"2024-02-11T23:17:15","modified_gmt":"2024-02-11T22:17:15","slug":"the-unit-test-in-data-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/the-unit-test-in-data-analysis","title":{"rendered":"The Unit Test in data analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"178327\" class=\"elementor elementor-178327\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20ca007 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"20ca007\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-56ed4de elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"56ed4de\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Definition of Unit Test<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ba55fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4ba55fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>In <strong>computer programming,<\/strong> unit testing is the procedure used to ensure that software or source code (or part of software or part of code) functions correctly.<\/p><p>Having long been considered a secondary task, unit testing has become a common and even essential practice, now an integral part of the standard development lifecycle.<\/p><p><strong>Unit testing<\/strong> is an essential part of any source code to ensure that the application works as intended in the specification, despite any changes to the source code. In addition, good software development practices such as <strong>Test Driven Development (TDD)<\/strong> and <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/become-a-devops-engineer-tasks-and-skills\">DevOps<\/a> rely heavily on unit testing.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a57b7f elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"7a57b7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Discover our training courses<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-87bba3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"87bba3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c3328f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7c3328f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The role and criteria of unit testing<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1818170 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1818170\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><strong>Unit tests<\/strong> are developed to compare the final version delivered with the specification normally provided in the early phases of an<strong> IT project.<\/strong> They are used to determine whether or not a verification has been successful. A test can therefore be understood as a criterion for validating the expectations of a <strong>programme or computer code.<\/strong><\/p><p>Mike Cohn, one of the main contributors to the Agile Scrum methodology, places unit tests at the base of his Test Pyramid (in which the next levels correspond to service and interface tests).<\/p><p>Among other things, unit testing makes it possible to<\/p><p><strong>Quickly identify errors:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Several methods (including the eXtreme Programming method) recommend writing tests at the same time as, or even before, the function to be tested, to facilitate debugging.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Facilitate maintenance:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>After a code modification, tests can be used to quickly identify any regressions (failed tests).<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>Complete code documentation:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li>Tests can often be used to highlight the use of a function. In this way, they can be used to supplement feature documentation.<\/li><\/ul><p><strong>A number of criteria must be met in order to properly define a unit test:<\/strong><\/p><ul><li><strong>Unit:<\/strong> Unit testing focuses on the smallest identifiable element of an application (referred to as a unit). However, several elements or lines of code can be used to define a unit, which can then be a function, a class method, a module, an object, etc. This is why unit tests are called low-level tests (as opposed to high-level tests, which check the validity of one or more more more complex functionalities).<\/li><li><strong>White-box testing:<\/strong> The test must be carried out in a white box to reflect the fact that the quality engineer often in charge of the test or the developer himself must have knowledge of the part of the code (of the unit) to be tested.<\/li><li><strong>Isolation:<\/strong> The tests must be carried out in isolation, because each unit tested must be independent of the other tests. The suite of unit tests must be able to be run in any order without affecting the results of the following or previous tests.<\/li><li><strong>Speed:<\/strong> the various tests must be able to run quickly, so that they can be launched whenever the source code is modified.<\/li><li><strong>Idempotence:<\/strong> idempotence means that an operation has the same effect each time it is applied. The test must therefore be independent of the environment or the number of times it is run.<\/li><li><strong>Automated:<\/strong> The unit test must be able to produce a direct result in terms of success or failure and not require manual intervention by the developer to conclude.<\/li><\/ul><p>To sum up, we can say that the <strong>real value of testing<\/strong> is appreciated when major changes are made to the source code of an application or system. Testing then helps to ensure that the expected behaviour is maintained. Unit testing therefore helps to reduce the level of uncertainty.<\/p><p>While testing methodologies and frameworks are now well established in software development, how and where does unit testing fit in with data science?<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>\ud83d\udca1Related articles:<\/p><table dir=\"ltr\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" cellpadding=\"0\" data-sheets-root=\"1\"><colgroup><col width=\"656\" \/><\/colgroup><tbody><tr><td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Folium: Discover the open source Python library &quot;}\" data-sheets-hyperlink=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/folium-discover-the-open-source-python-library\"><a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/folium-discover-the-open-source-python-library\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Folium: Discover the open source Python library <\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Matplotlib: Master Data Visualization in Python &quot;}\" data-sheets-hyperlink=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/matplotlib-master-data-visualization-in-python\"><a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/matplotlib-master-data-visualization-in-python\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Matplotlib: Master Data Visualization in Python <\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Python Crash Course: Get started &quot;}\" data-sheets-hyperlink=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/python-all-you-need-to-know\"><a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/python-all-you-need-to-know\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Python Crash Course: Get started <\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Mastering Machine Learning in Python: Data-Driven Success &quot;}\" data-sheets-hyperlink=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/machine-learning-python-where-to-start\"><a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/machine-learning-python-where-to-start\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mastering Machine Learning in Python: Data-Driven Success <\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Python Programming for Beginners - Episode 3&quot;}\" data-sheets-hyperlink=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/python-programming-for-beginners-episode-3\"><a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/python-programming-for-beginners-episode-3\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Python Programming for Beginners &#8211; Episode 3<\/a><\/td><\/tr><tr><td data-sheets-value=\"{&quot;1&quot;:2,&quot;2&quot;:&quot;Django: All about the Python web development framework&quot;}\" data-sheets-hyperlink=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/django-all-about-the-python-web-development-framework\"><a class=\"in-cell-link\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/django-all-about-the-python-web-development-framework\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Django: All about the Python web development framework<\/a><\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d2ba990 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"d2ba990\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Discover our training courses<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c82d17 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"8c82d17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5784ee7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5784ee7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Machine learning unit tests<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-481c615 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"481c615\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/software-engineer-everything-you-need-to-know-about-this-role-2\">traditional software development,<\/a> the key element that influences the behaviour of the system is the source code. Machine Learning technologies have introduced 2 new elements that also have a direct impact on the system&#8217;s behaviour. These are the model used and the data. Furthermore, the behaviour of Machine Learning models is not specifically defined by lines of code, but mainly by the data used in the training phase.<\/p><p>This is why systems based on <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/automl-and-machine-learning-automation-a-threat-to-data-scientists\">Machine Learning technologies<\/a> require additional testing, because the rules governing the behaviour of the overall system are less explicit than the rules of traditional systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ee9d77e elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"ee9d77e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schema_1.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"test unitaire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f39b93 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f39b93\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/machine-learning-engineer-all-about-the-job\">Machine Learning<\/a> work loops very often straddle 3 environments:<\/p><p><strong>The research and development environment:<\/strong><\/p><p>This is most often the <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/jupyter-notebook-an-indispensable-code-sharing-tool\">Jupyter Notebook<\/a> used to develop the various models and approaches. However, while it is technically possible to build and run unit tests on basic functionalities (of a class, for example, in <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/ipython-discover-the-python-shell-at-the-heart-of-jupyter-notebook\">Python)<\/a>, most unit tests are generally run in the development and production environments.<\/p><p><strong>The development environment:<\/strong><\/p><p>This is the environment in which most tests are carried out. There are generally several levels of testing in this environment:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Unit tests<\/strong>, which form the basis (as illustrated in the diagram below)<\/li><li><strong>Integration tests <\/strong>to ensure that the various components function optimally<\/li><li><strong>System tests<\/strong> to ensure that the overall system functions correctly<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b5799f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2b5799f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/schema_2.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"test unitaire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1844e41 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1844e41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The <strong>question then arises of where to position the cursor for defining the number of tests<\/strong>. To define the optimum number of tests, we can use the following questions:<\/p><ul><li>Does the test base make it possible to reduce uncertainty about the operation of our system?<\/li><li>What are the critical and main tasks of our system?<\/li><li>Are the priorities clearly identified?<\/li><\/ul><p>\u00a0<\/p><p>With regard to <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/machine-learning-what-is-it-and-why-does-it-change-the-world\">machine learning issues<\/a>, examples of unit tests that can be carried out are given below:<\/p><ul><li>Testing the format and type of data<\/li><li>Testing the parameters of the <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/scipy-all-about-the-python-machine-learning-library\">Machine Learning model<\/a><\/li><li>Testing input variables<\/li><li>Testing model quality<\/li><li>The production environment: This is the environment in which users of an application will have access to it. In this environment, the tests carried out to ensure that the overall system is working properly are generally much more complex.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3ed001 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"a3ed001\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfcae6a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cfcae6a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Unit Test libraries in Python<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6757c24 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6757c24\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/tpot-all-about-this-machine-learning-python-library\">In Python, the two main libraries<\/a> used to run unit tests are Unittest and Pytest. Using the unittest library to run tests requires a good knowledge of Python&#8217;s object-oriented programming, because the tests are run via a class.<\/p><p>In contrast, using the <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/pytest-for-python-why-and-how-to-use-it\">Pytest library<\/a> offers a little more flexibility in the design and implementation of tests. In addition to the fact that running tests with the Pytest library is much more flexible, the Pytest library offers more test commands and options (assert instruction).<\/p><p>To illustrate simple use cases for these two libraries, we&#8217;ll look at the following two examples:<\/p><ol><li>Test of a function calculating the square of an integer: We will test that the values given as output are integers (test carried out with Pytest).<\/li><li>Testing the type and ranges of input data<strong> (using unittest)<\/strong><\/li><\/ol><p>Although far from exhaustive, these two examples will give you a better idea of some of the ways in which these libraries can be used.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2c8e572 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"2c8e572\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-702f7fd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"702f7fd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Example of a Unit test with Pytest<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f38f472 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f38f472\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Suppose, for example, that as part of a project, developers have created a function to calculate the square of an integer, and we want to run tests to ensure that the function&#8217;s outputs are integers. So they decide to run tests on a list of values.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f25b7f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7f25b7f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Step 1:<\/strong> <\/span>Define the number_squared function in function.py<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d052f2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"1d052f2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/ssime-git\/2b1b91d2ee6eb5b01a4eb935c453d07c.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-743e682 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"743e682\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"text-decoration: underline;\"><strong>Step 2:<\/strong> <\/span>Defining the test function in the test_in_int.py file<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f81ac52 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"f81ac52\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/ssime-git\/d1520cc096a0be666d91b6b8a32f18e4.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a8ca4c4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a8ca4c4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Executing the pytest command in a terminal returns the following result:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc14731 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc14731\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/test-unitaire-ecran.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"test unitaire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-66d3fc2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"66d3fc2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>The only constraint imposed by the use of the Pytest library is that the name of the test file must begin with the prefix &#8216;test_&#8217; (the full name would be test_file_name.py). In this way, whenever the function is modified or updated, the test function can be used to ensure that the expected behaviour of the function remains consistent.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1de53dd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"1de53dd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21e35a3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"21e35a3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Example of a test with unittest<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aebc691 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"aebc691\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In this example, we&#8217;re going to use the <strong>unittest library<\/strong> to run a test with an example dataset. We will use the iris dataset (click here for more details). The test we want to implement is to check the type and extent of the input data for a Machine Learning model.<\/p><p>Let&#8217;s imagine, for example, that the Data Scientist in a team has developed a model for classifying three species of flowers. However, the data (precisely the variables in our dataset) used to develop the model were of a certain type and spanned a certain interval.<\/p><p>If, by any chance, the information provided by users of our model were very different from the training data (known in English as data drift), the Machine Learning model put into production could no longer be relevant and provide inconsistent predictions. This is why it is necessary during the development phase to define a test to ensure that the input data is consistent with the training data.<\/p><p>From the overview and description of the dataset below, we can see that the variables are floats (real numbers) with values generally between 1 and 8.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e721d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3e721d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/apercu-du-jeu-de-donnees.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"aper\u00e7u du jeu de donn\u00e9es\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Overview of the dataset<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cedf1eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"cedf1eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/Description-du-jeu-de-donnees.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"description du jeu de donn\u00e9es\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\">Description of the data set<\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-809e297 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"809e297\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ba81c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8ba81c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Step 1: Definition of a dictionary of variable types and ranges<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff5acc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff5acc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>In a dictionary structure, we will define both the type and the range of each variable in line with the description of the dataset above (Analogy with the definition domain in mathematics).<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c140616 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"c140616\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/ssime-git\/a18ef79cadc8b424de666560f7c655b2.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a4b7832 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"a4b7832\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd0de07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd0de07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Step 2: Creation of a data processing and training pipeline for a logistic regression model<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-480cb37 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"480cb37\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This stage can be broken down into several phases, but we have grouped all the phases together in a single class.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f389d1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"7f389d1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/ssime-git\/04930cb74fb94dc01b755341555d1087.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0899fc1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"0899fc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-051037f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"051037f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Step 3: Defining the test class for our test campaign<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-936626b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"936626b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>With the unittest library, you need to define a test class:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9625180 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"9625180\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/ssime-git\/188f71f86c4d0b2cd6127549754eb8ae.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-29dcd0e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"29dcd0e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17f8c72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"17f8c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Stage 4: Running the unit tests<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c85fe2e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c85fe2e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To run the test inside a Jupyter Notebook, simply use the code below:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-606ceb7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"606ceb7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/ssime-git\/fcb9a06cedcf43b53e1339d82295c789.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b3a6b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1b3a6b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Running the code gives us the following display:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4718ca7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4718ca7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/05\/test-unitaire-final.png\" title=\"\" alt=\"test unitaire\" loading=\"lazy\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1430835 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"1430835\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b6dc478 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"b6dc478\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion about Unit Tests<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27d54d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"27d54d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unit testing is an essential step in reducing uncertainty and ensuring consistency between the input specification and the final product. It&#8217;s easy to see why this stage is so <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/agile-coach-roles-skills-training-career-opportunities\">important in agile methods.<\/a><\/p><p>In the development process for Machine Learning applications, unit tests are most often carried out during the development phase by a Data Scientist or Data Engineer to guarantee the system&#8217;s performance and ensure that the results obtained are consistent with the input data.<\/p><p>If you&#8217;re interested in <strong>becoming a Data Engineer,<\/strong> find out more about the career path designed by DataScientest on the dedicated page.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b7adc1 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"9b7adc1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Discover our training courses<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Definition of Unit Test In computer programming, unit testing is the procedure used to ensure that software or source code (or part of software or part of code) functions correctly. Having long been considered a secondary task, unit testing has become a common and even essential practice, now an integral part of the standard development [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":178329,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2425],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Unit Test in data analysis<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Unit test in data analysis involves the systematic testing of individual components or units of code to ensure they function correctly.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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