{"id":179333,"date":"2024-05-03T18:15:07","date_gmt":"2024-05-03T17:15:07","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/?p=179333"},"modified":"2024-02-22T10:21:42","modified_gmt":"2024-02-22T09:21:42","slug":"nlp-twitter-sentiment-analysis","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/nlp-twitter-sentiment-analysis","title":{"rendered":"NLP Twitter &#8211; Sentiment Analysis"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"179333\" class=\"elementor elementor-179333\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fd9060f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"fd9060f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c25bda7 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"c25bda7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-43b2b5c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"43b2b5c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Today, Twitter is used by hundreds of millions of people worldwide. More precisely, the current estimate stands at around 330 million monthly active users and 145 million daily active users on Twitter. Another interesting figure: 63% of Twitter users worldwide are between 35 and 65 years of age.\n\nThe aim of this article is to carry out an exploratory visual analysis of the tweets in our dataset. In a second phase, the aim will be to classify the sentiments of the tweets according to whether they are positive, neutral or negative, using various models available in Python. In other words, to bring together sentiment analysis and NLP.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8991e11 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"8991e11\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-53be117 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"53be117\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Contents<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-52c45c8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"52c45c8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<ol>\n \t<li>Introduction to NLP<\/li>\n \t<li>Word embedding &#8211; Word2vec<\/li>\n \t<li>NLP &#8211; Word translation<\/li>\n \t<li>NLP Twitter &#8211; Sentiment analysis<\/li>\n<ol>\n \t<li><a href=\"#visualanalysis\">Visual data analysis<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#metadata\">Creation of metadata and classification<\/a><\/li>\n \t<li><a href=\"#afinn\">Alternative solutions: AFINN<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/li>\n<\/ol>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1854ad1 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"1854ad1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-50bfd16 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"50bfd16\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7efd3f8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"7efd3f8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\nbody.elementor-page .elementor-widget-menu-anchor{margin-bottom:0}<\/style>\t\t<div id=\"analysevisuelle\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea14cd8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ea14cd8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">FIRST VISUAL DATA ANALYSIS<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4a33a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"c4a33a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d5d2f30 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"d5d2f30\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d7ecdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5d7ecdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"color: #000000;\">First, here&#8217;s a first look at the dataset we have available: <a href=\"https:\/\/dst-train-datasets.s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com\/masterclass_tm\/twitter_comment.csv\">download dataset<\/a><\/span><span style=\"color: #000000;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, obtained using the <\/span><b><i>df.head()<\/i><\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> command. <\/span><\/span>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a3afa1e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"a3afa1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-04a7cc7 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"04a7cc7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-525dbb6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"525dbb6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"102\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/unnamed-3.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-11968\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/unnamed-3.png 512w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/unnamed-3-300x60.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7d5786 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"a7d5786\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e6253cf e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"e6253cf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-72fca39 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"72fca39\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>As we can see, this dataset, which lists a total of 1.6 million tweets, contains a column entitled label, which assigns a 1 if the sentiment of the tweet is positive and -1 otherwise.<\/p><p>As a first step, we&#8217;ll try to determine the month in which the twittosphere is most active.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5785e55 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"5785e55\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ff24f7 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"3ff24f7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1a0e83 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"c1a0e83\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/garybedoucha\/edbf5f7ca5f9d60fcc1377615592d996.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8e06b29 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"8e06b29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b10cefe e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"b10cefe\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74a63df elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"74a63df\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/garybedoucha\/edbf5f7ca5f9d60fcc1377615592d996.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a9e495 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"0a9e495\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-abac698 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"abac698\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"222\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/unnamed-1-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-11971\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-27adcf6 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"27adcf6\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5d3b23 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"a5d3b23\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-339aae0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"339aae0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>A first trend emerges here:<\/p><ul><li>May (5) and June (6) seem to be the months with the most tweets. There are a number of reasons for this, including the fact that Twitter is particularly aimed at young people, and that May and June are the end of their school or university year, giving them the opportunity to express themselves more on Twitter.<\/li><li>We also note that in June, the sentiment of tweets is rather negative (labelled -1), confirming the preconceived idea that Twitter can sometimes be a place where violence breaks out.<\/li><\/ul><p>We could now ask ourselves which day of the week has the highest number of tweets:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b0c40ce e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"b0c40ce\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-40026c8 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"40026c8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-826f157 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"826f157\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/garybedoucha\/7edfbf70c865108d4ed0c3a60b759c02.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d39e941 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"d39e941\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1b33e8e e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"1b33e8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c32e47c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c32e47c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"222\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/unnamed-1-1.png\" class=\"attachment-large size-large wp-image-11971\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5f23ca e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"a5f23ca\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e07d1b3 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"e07d1b3\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-17503c5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"17503c5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Unsurprisingly, Twitterers use Twitter much more at weekends than on weekdays.<\/p><p>We can also take a look at the time of day when the most tweets are made, and also note without surprise that it&#8217;s especially before and after the start and end of the work\/school day that the number of tweets explodes:<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-802dce9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"802dce9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eff6c32 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"eff6c32\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2365b72 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"2365b72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/garybedoucha\/dd086cc1ecec0ca9bbe494118ecf8df2.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7a1667 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"c7a1667\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7312b7 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"c7312b7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38feec2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"38feec2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"914\" height=\"311\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/data.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-12011\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/data.png 914w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/data-300x102.png 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/data-768x261.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 914px) 100vw, 914px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4880a1e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"4880a1e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4c2a40e e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"4c2a40e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f130f64 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"f130f64\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/garybedoucha\/b3e73bf42d210fba6d6aeebd35548d36.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2e15b3e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"2e15b3e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1d6041e e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"1d6041e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c7c6c0d elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c7c6c0d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"288\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/nuage-de-mot.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-12020\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/nuage-de-mot.png 512w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/nuage-de-mot-300x169.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7b0927f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"7b0927f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-167497d e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"167497d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-95a79e2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"95a79e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/management-of-unbalanced-classification-problems-i\">We&#8217;re now going to start classifying<\/a> the sentiment of tweets using logistic regression.<\/p><p>As usual, the idea is to divide our dataset into a training sample (80%), in which we&#8217;ll learn the model parameters, and a test sample (20%), in which we&#8217;ll test them.<\/p><p>However, as the explanatory variables are textual data (the tweets), we will first create new numerical explanatory variables linked to the tweets (metadata), so that we can then predict the labels.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-08e8925 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"08e8925\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-60c8a88 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"60c8a88\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d66cd71 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"d66cd71\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"metadonnes\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f024548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f024548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">METADATA CREATION AND CLASSIFICATION<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876fff2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"876fff2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0a0dbc4 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"0a0dbc4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-182007f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"182007f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>To analyze the sentiment of a tweet, we can then extract what we feel is important such as:<\/p><ul><li>The number of &#8220;http(s)&#8221; or &#8220;www.&#8221; links.<\/li><li>The number of e-mail addresses. (the number of e-mail addresses quoted in the tweet could have a bearing on the seriousness of the tweet).<\/li><li>Number of hashtags.<\/li><li>Number of user quotes.<\/li><li>Number of uppercase letters<\/li><li>The number of uppercase string letters.<\/li><li>The number of exclamation marks.<\/li><li>Number of exclamation point strings.<\/li><li>The number of question marks.<\/li><li>Number of question mark strings.<\/li><li>The number of periods ect (&#8230;).<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e6f542 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"5e6f542\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74e04bd e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"74e04bd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5079f9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"c5079f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/garybedoucha\/c97acfa6a91b3ddb52d6db465c1839ae.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccf8801 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"ccf8801\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d84c9f4 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"d84c9f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a61e59 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1a61e59\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Here is a new view of our dataset after metadata creation:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-70bfc1d e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"70bfc1d\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d0a548f e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"d0a548f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b08ea0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4b08ea0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"155\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/methadonnees.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-12027\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/methadonnees.png 512w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/methadonnees-300x91.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2d4620f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"2d4620f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1102b52 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"1102b52\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-45e12aa elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"45e12aa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By grouping and summing each column of this new dataset according to the label<br \/><\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-05ea457 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"05ea457\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46fc5e0 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"46fc5e0\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb29fa5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"fb29fa5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/garybedoucha\/f00230a430297bce7c0a348a3c67cc83.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-64a9a70 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"64a9a70\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ab80fc e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"1ab80fc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fb5facf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fb5facf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"512\" height=\"85\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/jeu-de-fonction.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-12028\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/jeu-de-fonction.png 512w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/jeu-de-fonction-300x50.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 512px) 100vw, 512px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fe456f8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"fe456f8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ba828b9 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"ba828b9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82f50f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82f50f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>We notice that if the tweet is composed of links or e-mail addresses, it will tend to be much more positive.<\/p><p>With the explanatory variables now ready to be used, all we have to do is run our logistic regression model to classify the positive or negative sentiments of the tweets.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cafc5ea e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"cafc5ea\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da71fcd e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"da71fcd\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-400b7d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"400b7d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\">\n<script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/garybedoucha\/c48751eefe3b60ce9e0093891c000753.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-279e1ba e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"279e1ba\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9b420b2 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"9b420b2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6a6ec38 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6a6ec38\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"color: #000000;\">Here is the prediction score obtained by the model:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-302c8a7 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"302c8a7\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92e2660 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"92e2660\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ee83c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"9ee83c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"128\" height=\"26\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/unnamed-2-1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-12030\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c0a993 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"9c0a993\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c5e8dfa e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"c5e8dfa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c19d5ba elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c19d5ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This gives a <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/expected-goals-understand-the-math-behind-it\">prediction score<\/a> of around 60%, which is not extraordinary. To improve this score, we could use a bag-of-words representation of each word in the tweets, which simply represents the text as a vector that can be <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/automl-and-machine-learning-automation-a-threat-to-data-scientists\">processed by a machine learning algorithm.<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5987c1c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"5987c1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a760507 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"a760507\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73ff835 elementor-widget elementor-widget-menu-anchor\" data-id=\"73ff835\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"menu-anchor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"afinn\" class=\"elementor-menu-anchor\"><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cb24503 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"cb24503\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">ALTERNATIVE SOLUTION: AFINN<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e67c7e4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"e67c7e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0b1c176 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"0b1c176\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ce13772 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ce13772\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Another solution for<a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/classification-algorithms-definition-and-main-models\"> classifying the sentiment of a tweet<\/a> is to use libraries available on Python such as Afinn.<\/p><p>The AFINN lexicon is a list of English terms, the current version of which contains over 3,300 words, each associated with a sentiment score that we can obtain using the score method of the <strong>Afinn class.<\/strong><\/p><p>The <strong>Afinn score<\/strong> is a categorical variable whose rule of interpretation is as follows:<\/p><ul><li>Negative sentiment: Afinn score &lt; 0<\/li><li>Neutral sentiment: score afinn == 0<\/li><li>Positive sentiment: Afinn score &gt; 0<\/li><\/ul><p>Now let&#8217;s apply the <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/datasets-top-5-places-to-find-quality-datasets\">Afinn function to our dataset:<\/a><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5e30f19 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"5e30f19\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f7bf2ec e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"f7bf2ec\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65f1677 elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"65f1677\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/garybedoucha\/35c2a34106acb231f7f1ee65368fe9f1.js\"><\/script><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-13db1d2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"13db1d2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9d5f71 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"b9d5f71\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f3e398 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"3f3e398\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"454\" height=\"199\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/afinn.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-12031\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/afinn.png 454w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/afinn-300x131.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 454px) 100vw, 454px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a50cfaa e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"a50cfaa\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c03d8bf e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"c03d8bf\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32e124f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"32e124f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Now let&#8217;s see how effective Afinn is:<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e4c1a8e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"e4c1a8e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-868011a e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"868011a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-131ca0a elementor-widget elementor-widget-shortcode\" data-id=\"131ca0a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"shortcode.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-shortcode\"><script src=\"https:\/\/gist.github.com\/garybedoucha\/45987ba3dde848f4a1af032c3fbaf050.js\"><\/script>\n<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b2b55e2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"b2b55e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7724d17 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"7724d17\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6da752 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"d6da752\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figure class=\"wp-caption\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"422\" height=\"111\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/afinn-2.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-12032\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/afinn-2.png 422w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2020\/10\/afinn-2-300x79.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 422px) 100vw, 422px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<figcaption class=\"widget-image-caption wp-caption-text\"><\/figcaption>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/figure>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c804eb2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"c804eb2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-791495e e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"791495e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-225842a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"225842a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tComme on peut le voir, Afinn est particuli\u00e8rement performant et a permis de d\u00e9terminer de mani\u00e8re cat\u00e9gorique le caract\u00e8re n\u00e9gatif des 2 tweets ci-dessus.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-de2b417 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"de2b417\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0f78c0f e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"0f78c0f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d4e243 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"6d4e243\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">CONCLUSION :<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cfb2c4c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"cfb2c4c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7cca487 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"7cca487\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d4ab3f3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d4ab3f3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400; color: #000000;\">Through this article, we&#8217;ve once again seen the power of NLP to reliably classify the sentiment of tweets.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cf65cc2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"cf65cc2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ff58e20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ff58e20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>This Twitter sentiment analysis could have several areas of application, of which here are a few specific examples:<\/p><ul><li><strong>Social media monitoring:<\/strong> Detecting tweets with negative sentiment could help reduce the harassment and outpouring of violence occurring on Twitter.<\/li><li><strong>Political campaigns<\/strong>: Sentiment analysis on Twitter could be used to analyze the popularity of a political candidate and thus predict the winner of a presidential election, for example.<\/li><li><strong>Building customer loyalty:<\/strong> Sentiment analysis on Twitter can be used to track what is being said about a product or service sold by a company, and can thus help detect angry customers.<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75e55e4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"75e55e4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f47afc1 e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"f47afc1\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5d5ce20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5d5ce20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Did you like this article? Subscribe to our Newsletter to receive our previews!<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0df0914 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"0df0914\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Subscribe to our Newsletter<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Today, Twitter is used by hundreds of millions of people worldwide. More precisely, the current estimate stands at around 330 million monthly active users and 145 million daily active users on Twitter. Another interesting figure: 63% of Twitter users worldwide are between 35 and 65 years of age. The aim of this article is to [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":67,"featured_media":179335,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2425],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>NLP Twitter - Sentiment Analysis<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Explore NLP Twitter sentiment analysis, a powerful technique to understand public opinions and sentiments on Twitter data. Learn about the methodologies, tools, and applications of sentiment analysis in the context of Twitter data, and discover how it&#039;s used to extract valuable insights for businesses, social research, and more.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/nlp-twitter-sentiment-analysis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"NLP Twitter - Sentiment Analysis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Today, Twitter is used by hundreds of millions of people worldwide. More precisely, the current estimate stands at around 330 million monthly active users\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/nlp-twitter-sentiment-analysis\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Data Science Courses | DataScientest\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DataScientestEN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2024-05-03T17:15:07+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-02-22T09:21:42+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/05\/nlp.jpg\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1024\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"445\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/jpeg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Melanie\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@DataScientest__\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@DataScientest__\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Melanie\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/nlp-twitter-sentiment-analysis#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/nlp-twitter-sentiment-analysis\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Melanie\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/19d5f7ade9407eb69af3bf6d1ae1731d\"},\"headline\":\"NLP Twitter &#8211; Sentiment Analysis\",\"datePublished\":\"2024-05-03T17:15:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-02-22T09:21:42+00:00\",\"mainEntityOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/nlp-twitter-sentiment-analysis\"},\"wordCount\":930,\"commentCount\":0,\"publisher\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/#organization\"},\"articleSection\":[\"Data Science\"],\"inLanguage\":\"en-GB\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"CommentAction\",\"name\":\"Comment\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/nlp-twitter-sentiment-analysis#respond\"]}],\"copyrightYear\":\"2024\",\"copyrightHolder\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/#organization\"}},{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/nlp-twitter-sentiment-analysis\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/nlp-twitter-sentiment-analysis\",\"name\":\"NLP Twitter - Sentiment Analysis\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2024-05-03T17:15:07+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-02-22T09:21:42+00:00\",\"description\":\"Explore NLP Twitter sentiment analysis, a powerful technique to understand public opinions and sentiments on Twitter data. 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