{"id":186413,"date":"2024-06-26T06:30:00","date_gmt":"2024-06-26T05:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/?p=186413"},"modified":"2024-06-22T12:54:37","modified_gmt":"2024-06-22T11:54:37","slug":"all-about-smart-cities","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-smart-cities","title":{"rendered":"Smart cities: What are they? How will they work?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"186413\" class=\"elementor elementor-186413\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-472617b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"472617b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5479dc7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5479dc7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Digital cities know how to leverage new technologies to improve their citizens' lives. They smartly utilize connected objects and AI to optimize their services: from public transportation to air quality, waste management, or traffic flow. Explore smart cities, their operational modes, and their challenges.<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-616366b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"616366b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-492cae7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"492cae7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is a smart city?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-058c90e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"058c90e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A smart city <\/span><b>uses new technologies to enhance urban residents&#8217; quality of life<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The city relies on a myriad of digital solutions, connected or otherwise, to optimize all facets of urban development:<\/span><\/p><ul><li><b>Infrastructure<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Buildings are fitted with sensors, <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-internet-of-things\">IoT (Internet of Things)<\/a>, and home automation solutions, while urban furniture becomes more autonomous and intelligent.<\/span><\/li><li><b>Networks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Intelligent networks, whether they&#8217;re for water, electricity, gas, or <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/networks-and-telecommunications\">telecoms<\/a>, collect a variety of data (like consumption levels or the proper operation of machinery).<\/span><\/li><li><b>Mobility<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: Including connected public transport, smart vehicles, the expansion of car-sharing, bike lanes, public bikes, etc.<\/span><\/li><li><b>Services<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: This encompasses the rise of e-services which facilitate remote administrative tasks.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-af70055 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"af70055\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Beyond enhancing citizens&#8217; quality of life, this intelligent urban management also strives to lessen the community&#8217;s environmental footprint. Indeed, the smart city is an <\/span><b>extension of the sustainable city concept<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. The objective remains constant, but the methods differ. The smart city fully integrates <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-lake-vs-data-warehouse-what-are-the-differences\">digital transition<\/a> into its operational strategies.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c0995d3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"c0995d3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"457\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/06\/smart-cities-datascientest3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-186419\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/06\/smart-cities-datascientest3.jpg 800w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/06\/smart-cities-datascientest3-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/06\/smart-cities-datascientest3-768x439.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2a16e01 elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"2a16e01\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Find out more about Artificial Intelligence<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c1a974b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"c1a974b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a138bbc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a138bbc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">How does a smart city operate?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-813c69d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"813c69d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">The use of advanced technological solutions<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4f61867 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"4f61867\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Smart cities excel at <\/span><b>exploiting IoT<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> (Internet of Things) to the community&#8217;s benefit. Specifically, connected devices will <\/span><b>gather data through an extensive network of sensors<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> scattered throughout the city: on electrical meters, water distribution networks, traffic lights, vehicles, electronic ticket validators, waste management facilities, etc.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Given the immense volumes of data collected, this information undergoes initial processing to organize and clarify it. It involves <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-cleaning-definition-methods-and-relevance-in-data-science\">cleaning the data<\/a> to enhance its comprehensibility, standardizing it, and selecting only the most pertinent bits. <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-analysis-definition-use-of-cases-and-tools\">This data is then analyzed<\/a> to gain insights into user behaviors, resource consumption, etc. These insights enable decision-makers (local government officials and businesses) to implement effective strategies to enhance citizens&#8217; quality of life and optimize expenditure.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-39d8ba5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"39d8ba5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">Collective intelligence<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcf500b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bcf500b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To function efficiently, smart cities require not just information and communication technology (ICT) but also need to harness collective intelligence towards achieving their goals. The concept encourages <\/span><b>engaging all citizens<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to envision a city that truly reflects them. In a smart city, <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/artificial-intelligence-definition\">artificial intelligence<\/a> and collective intelligence coexist harmoniously.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Engaging in collective intelligence also means <\/span><b>informing citizens about the initiatives underway<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Therefore, local authorities must maintain maximum transparency to facilitate citizen participation in decision-making processes and to hold them accountable for optimizing resources.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ultimately, becoming a smart city isn&#8217;t exclusive to large metropolises like New York.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc376eb elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"dc376eb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"457\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/06\/smart-cities-datascientest1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-186426\" alt=\"\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f397c72 elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"f397c72\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn more about Data Science<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3e92b3b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"3e92b3b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-63ac0f7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"63ac0f7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What challenges does a digital city face?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4401a6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c4401a6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Typically, a smart city confronts three primary challenges.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fffe548 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"fffe548\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">Environmental<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-571ff6d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"571ff6d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Thanks to the data collected, the smart city possesses additional means to <\/span><b>minimize its environmental impact and tackle ecological challenges<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For instance, sensors can be embedded within drinking water distribution networks to monitor water quality. Detecting any irregularity instantly makes it easier to pinpoint the issue&#8217;s source.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, streetlights equipped with sensors can be installed, which only light up at night when detecting nearby pedestrians.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through these efforts, the city progressively advances its energy transition.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a0e9f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3a0e9f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">Modernization<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-149c2cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"149c2cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To welcome new inhabitants, cities must perpetually modernize with<\/span><b> infrastructure capable of fulfilling their citizens&#8217; expectations<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, in cities where traffic congestion is a frequent issue, installing sensors at traffic signals can help better manage the flow of traffic.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a5177d9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a5177d9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">Investments<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c309f1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c309f1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cities also harbor the ambition to grow: to <\/span><b>draw more companies, residents, tourists,<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> etc. Each contributes towards financing the public initiatives executed.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">By providing <\/span><b>digital solutions<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that enhance residents&#8217; quality of life, smart cities can attract more individuals; thus, improving the return on investment from the rollout of digital solutions.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Besides generating revenue, IoT can also help the city cut costs. Connected devices are proficient at identifying unnecessary spending or anticipating potential risks.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb5678c elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"bb5678c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"800\" height=\"457\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/06\/smart-cities-datascientest2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-186439\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/06\/smart-cities-datascientest2.jpg 800w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/06\/smart-cities-datascientest2-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/06\/smart-cities-datascientest2-768x439.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 800px) 100vw, 800px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-32207af elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"32207af\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Discover our Courses<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-180c312 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"180c312\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9180341 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"9180341\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [{\r\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n    \"name\": \"What is a smart city?\",\r\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"A smart city uses new technologies to enhance urban residents' quality of life. 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Explore smart cities, their operational modes, and their challenges. What is a smart city? A smart city uses new technologies [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":186415,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2427],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Smart cities: What are they? How will they work?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Public transportation, electricity, waste management... 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