{"id":187941,"date":"2024-08-16T06:30:00","date_gmt":"2024-08-16T05:30:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/?p=187941"},"modified":"2024-08-12T16:14:46","modified_gmt":"2024-08-12T15:14:46","slug":"all-about-pl-sql","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-pl-sql","title":{"rendered":"PL\/SQL: A powerful language for managing Oracle databases"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"187941\" class=\"elementor elementor-187941\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3182a2f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"3182a2f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c0a618 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c0a618\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><p class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">In the realm of relational databases, Oracle stands out not only for the robustness of its management systems but also for the advanced tools it provides developers to optimize, automate, and secure data operations. Among these tools is PL\/SQL (Procedural Language\/Structured Query Language), a powerful programming language designed to seamlessly integrate with SQL, the standard query language for relational databases.<\/p>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75fb29b elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75fb29b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PL\/SQL extends the capabilities of <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/sql-learn-all-about-the-programming-language-for-databases\">SQL<\/a> by adding procedural features such as loops, conditions, and exceptions, allowing developers to create scripts for database management.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This language, essential for any developer working with Oracle, aims to <\/span><b>combine database management commands with a procedural programming language<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. It provides more comprehensive programming solutions for creating critical applications running on the Oracle database.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6f4ad3f elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6f4ad3f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-scientist-course\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Discover all about SQL<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9ccbb1c e-con-full e-flex e-con\" data-id=\"9ccbb1c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;full&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bb4fc0e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bb4fc0e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Why learn PL\/SQL?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3fca7c1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3fca7c1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PL\/SQL is a crucial programming language for developers using databases. It presents numerous advantages:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Integration with Oracle Database:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PL\/SQL is designed to work optimally with Oracle Database, allowing for smooth and efficient interactions with stored data.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Integration with SQL:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PL\/SQL is an extension of the SQL language that enables writing complex SQL queries, managing transactions, and manipulating data directly within the same programming environment.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Ease of use:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> If you are already familiar with SQL, you will find PL\/SQL syntax quite intuitive. The transition from SQL to PL\/SQL is natural for those with SQL experience, making it easier to learn this language.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Enhanced security:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PL\/SQL includes robust security features, controlling data access. You can protect sensitive data by limiting direct access to tables and creating additional layers of security.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Automation of repetitive tasks:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PL\/SQL includes features (procedures, functions, triggers) that automate database management processes. This reduces the need for manually executing repetitive tasks and minimizes human errors.<\/span><\/li><li><b>Portability:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PL\/SQL code blocks can be moved between different Oracle databases without modification.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48d3aa2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"48d3aa2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-38ca78f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"38ca78f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The various applications of PL\/SQL<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6fc2361 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6fc2361\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PL\/SQL offers multiple applications in database management. Thanks to its flexibility and power, it is used for various use cases such as:<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Application development:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PL\/SQL is used for developing web applications based on Oracle databases.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Automation of administrative tasks:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PL\/SQL enables the automation of routine database administration tasks, thereby improving the efficiency and reliability of processes.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Database security:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PL\/SQL helps protect the integrity of the database.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Analysis and reporting:<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> PL\/SQL is used to generate customized reports that meet specific data management needs. PL\/SQL also allows creating data for dashboards and visualization tools.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fbd0f94 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"fbd0f94\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"514\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest1.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-187944\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest1.jpg 900w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest1-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest1-768x439.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-07c0a6a e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"07c0a6a\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-da4a217 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"da4a217\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">The basics of PL\/SQL syntax<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c799563 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c799563\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A PL\/SQL program is structured into blocks. Each block can contain three main sections:<\/span>\n<ul>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Declarative section (<span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DECLARE<\/span>):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This section is used to declare variables, constants, cursors, and other PL\/SQL objects. It is optional.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Executable section (<span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">BEGIN<\/span>):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This section contains the instructions that will be executed. It is mandatory.<\/span><\/li>\n \t<li><b>Exception section (<span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">EXCEPTION<\/span>):<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> This section is used to handle errors that may occur during the execution of instructions in the BEGIN section. It is optional.<\/span><\/li>\n<\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4b58234 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4b58234\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">1. Variables and data types:<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ea49887 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ea49887\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Variables in PL\/SQL must be declared in the DECLARE section. The data types used for variables are similar to those in SQL, with extensions specific to PL\/SQL.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">VARCHAR2<\/span>: Used for character strings.<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">NUMBER<\/span>: Used for numbers.<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DATE<\/span>: Used for dates and times.<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DECLARE<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">v_employee_name VARCHAR2(50);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">v_salary NUMBER(10, 2);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">v_hire_date DATE;<\/span><\/p><p>&gt;<span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">BEGIN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">v_employee_name := \u2018Jane Doe\u2019;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">v_salary := 60000;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">v_hire_date := SYSDATE;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(\u2018Employee: \u2018 || v_employee_name || \u2018hired on: \u2018 || v_hire_date);<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a2a765 elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"3a2a765\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-scientist-course\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn SQL<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-01a260b elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"01a260b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">2. Conditional structures:<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d7f951e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d7f951e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Conditional structures allow testing conditions and executing code blocks based on the results of these tests.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">IF-THEN-ELSE<\/span> conditional structure allows executing statements if a condition is true, and optionally other statements if it is false.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">BEGIN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">IF v_salary &gt; 50000 THEN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(\u2018High salary\u2019);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">ELSIF v_salary &gt; 30000 THEN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(\u2018Medium salary\u2019);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">ELSE<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(\u2018Low salary\u2019);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END IF;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7f1a8d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7f1a8d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">3. Loops:<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e921bdf elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"e921bdf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PL\/SQL supports several types of loops, allowing repeated execution of instructions.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">FOR loop<\/span>: Executes a block of instructions a defined number of times.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">BEGIN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">FOR i IN 1..10 LOOP<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(\u2018Iteration: \u2018 || i);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END LOOP;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">WHILE loop<\/span>: Executes a block of instructions as long as a condition is true.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e9d891 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"7e9d891\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"514\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest2.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-187957\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest2.jpg 900w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest2-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest2-768x439.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1dc8c3c e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"1dc8c3c\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-46a1d85 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"46a1d85\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DECLARE<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">v_counter NUMBER := 1;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">BEGIN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">WHILE v_counter &lt;= 10 LOOP<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(\u2018Counter: \u2018 || v_counter);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">v_counter := v_counter + 1;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END LOOP;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">LOOP<\/span>: Executes a block of instructions indefinitely until an exit condition is met.<\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DECLARE<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">v_counter NUMBER := 1;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">BEGIN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">LOOP<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">EXIT WHEN v_counter &gt; 10;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(\u2018Counter: \u2018 || v_counter);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">v_counter := v_counter + 1;<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END LOOP;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0b51b4 elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"a0b51b4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/machine-learning-engineer-course\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Get training in SQL<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-521cc69 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"521cc69\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">4. Procedures:<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10c4009 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"10c4009\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Stored procedures are PL\/SQL subprograms that can be reused to perform specific tasks.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here is an example of a procedure to increase employees&#8217; salaries based on their performance:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">CREATE OR REPLACE PROCEDURE adjust_salary (emp_id NUMBER, increment NUMBER) AS BEGIN <\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">UPDATE employees <\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">SET salary = salary + increment <\/span><\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">WHERE employee_id = emp_id; COMMIT;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This procedure takes an employee ID and an increment amount as input, then updates the specified employee&#8217;s salary.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To call this procedure, simply do:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">BEGIN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">adjust_salary(1001, 5000);<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-755cbbe elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"755cbbe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">5. Functions:<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b9384e0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"b9384e0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Functions are PL\/SQL subprograms that can return a single value.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here is an example of a function that calculates the average salary of employees:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">CREATE OR REPLACE FUNCTION calculate_average_salary RETURN NUMBER AS avg_salary NUMBER;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">BEGIN <\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">SELECT AVG(salary) INTO avg_salary FROM employees; <\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">RETURN avg_salary;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This function calculates the average salary of employees and returns the result.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2f8065b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"2f8065b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"514\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest3.jpg\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-187991\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest3.jpg 900w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest3-300x171.jpg 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2024\/07\/PL_SQL_datascientest3-768x439.jpg 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ffec7e8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ffec7e8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">6. Exception handling:<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-75cc34c elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"75cc34c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exception handling is an essential part of PL\/SQL, allowing errors to be managed elegantly and ensuring application stability.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Exceptions are handled in the <span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">EXCEPTION<\/span> section of a PL\/SQL block. There are predefined exceptions such as <span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">NO_DATA_FOUND<\/span> and <span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">TOO_MANY_ROWS<\/span>, as well as the possibility to define custom exceptions.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Example:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">BEGIN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">SELECT name INTO v_employee_name FROM employees WHERE employee_id = 9999;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">EXCEPTION<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">WHEN NO_DATA_FOUND THEN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(\u2018No data found for the specified employee ID.\u2019);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">WHEN TOO_MANY_ROWS THEN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(\u2018Multiple rows found for the specified employee ID.\u2019);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">WHEN OTHERS THEN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">DBMS_OUTPUT.PUT_LINE(\u2018An unexpected error occurred: \u2018 || SQLERRM);<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-98ec5ca elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"98ec5ca\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-medium\">7. Triggers:<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-20f2236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"20f2236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Triggers are PL\/SQL blocks that execute automatically in response to specific events on a table, such as insertion, update, or deletion of rows.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Here is an example of a trigger that records modification history on a critical table:<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">CREATE OR REPLACE TRIGGER audit_trigger <\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">AFTER INSERT OR UPDATE OR DELETE ON employees<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">FOR EACH ROW<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">BEGIN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">IF INSERTING THEN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">INSERT INTO audit_log (action, employee_id, action_time)<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">VALUES (\u2018INSERT\u2019, :NEW.employee_id, SYSDATE);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">ELSIF UPDATING THEN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">INSERT INTO audit_log (action, employee_id, action_time)<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">VALUES (\u2018UPDATE\u2019, :NEW.employee_id, SYSDATE);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">ELSIF DELETING THEN<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">INSERT INTO audit_log (action, employee_id, action_time)<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 80px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">VALUES (\u2018DELETE\u2019, :OLD.employee_id, SYSDATE);<\/span><\/p><p style=\"padding-left: 40px;\"><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END IF;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 100;\">END;<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This trigger tracks all changes made to the `employees` table by recording the actions in an <\/span><b>`audit_log` table<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f209f06 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"f209f06\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2aa4838 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2aa4838\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Conclusion<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0934320 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0934320\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">PL\/SQL is a powerful language that <\/span><b>extends the capabilities of SQL<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> with procedural features. It offers significant advantages in terms of performance, error management, security, and portability. With its control structures, stored procedures, functions, and triggers, <\/span><b>PL\/SQL facilitates the creation of robust and performant applications<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. By understanding and applying these concepts, developers can fully leverage the features offered by Oracle Database to develop effective and reliable solutions.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf2637c elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"bf2637c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-md\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-analyst-course\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Master SQL for Data Analysis<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ccfa9c9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ccfa9c9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To learn more about the SQL language and train for careers in Data, <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">join DataScientest<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85352bc e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"85352bc\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-33d3ac4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"33d3ac4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [{\r\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n    \"name\": \"What is PL\/SQL and why is it used?\",\r\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"PL\/SQL (Procedural Language\/Structured Query Language) is a procedural programming language developed by Oracle that allows developers to write complex programs and scripts directly within an Oracle database. It is used to automate tasks, write stored procedures, functions, triggers, and packages, thereby facilitating the efficient and secure management and manipulation of data.\"\r\n    }\r\n  },{\r\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n    \"name\": \"What are the main differences between SQL and PL\/SQL?\",\r\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"SQL (Structured Query Language) is a declarative language used to query and manipulate data in a database. It allows for selecting, inserting, updating, and deleting data. On the other hand, PL\/SQL is a procedural language that extends SQL by adding programming structures such as loops, conditions, variables, exceptions, and more. 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Triggers can be used to enforce integrity rules, audit data changes, automate tasks, and maintain business logic.\"\r\n    }\r\n  }]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>In the realm of relational databases, Oracle stands out not only for the robustness of its management systems but also for the advanced tools it provides developers to optimize, automate, and secure data operations. 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