{"id":193449,"date":"2025-03-07T06:31:00","date_gmt":"2025-03-07T05:31:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/?p=193449"},"modified":"2025-03-05T16:31:44","modified_gmt":"2025-03-05T15:31:44","slug":"all-about-friedman-test","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-friedman-test","title":{"rendered":"Friedman test: What is it? How to use it?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"193449\" class=\"elementor elementor-193449\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d55cf85 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"d55cf85\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ecfd57f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ecfd57f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><b>When looking to establish a comparison on a small sample, especially to showcase data like consumer preferences or the relative effectiveness of various treatments, the Friedman test emerges as the apt solution.<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eb9349 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2eb9349\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Friedman test is a statistical approach employed to compare several paired samples or repeated observations.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-25404f9 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"25404f9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn how to use the Friedman test<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-aa4ce61 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"aa4ce61\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-26635a0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"26635a0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What is the Friedman test?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db8076f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"db8076f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Friedman test is <\/span><b>a non-parametric statistical technique<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> used to compare multiple paired samples or repeated observations. It is particularly beneficial when the prerequisites for conducting a <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/analysis-of-variance-anova-a-basic-tool-for-data-analysis\">ANOVA<\/a> with repeated measures are not satisfied, particularly when the data do not conform to a normal distribution or when the sample size is too limited to assume normality.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This method utilizes the ranks attributed to the data instead of the data values themselves, rendering it resilient to extreme values or skewed distributions. Consequently, it is frequently employed in experimental studies where multiple treatments or conditions are imposed on the same subjects, such as in medical, psychological, or educational fields.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>Practical example:<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Imagine a researcher aiming to assess the effectiveness of three teaching methodologies (A, B, and C) to enhance the performance of a group of students. Each student is exposed to the three methods in random order, and their results are measured following each session.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Through the Friedman test, the researcher can compare the outcomes under each method to ascertain if there is a significant variance in student performance based on the applied method. Unlike a straightforward mean test, the Friedman test accounts for individual variations, as each student acts as a &#8220;control&#8221; for themselves.<\/span><\/p><h3><b>Another example:<\/b><\/h3><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">In a medical study context, a test compares the efficacy of three medications on patients with chronic migraines. Each patient undergoes all three treatments at different intervals, with the intensity of their pain recorded following each treatment. Again, the Friedman test will identify if any medication is significantly more effective than the others, considering individual differences.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To sum up, the Friedman test is an essential tool for analyzing repeated or correlated data, especially when the normality assumptions are in question.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-380a65b elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"380a65b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"571\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/friedman-test-datascientest-1.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-193461\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/friedman-test-datascientest-1.webp 1000w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/friedman-test-datascientest-1-300x171.webp 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/friedman-test-datascientest-1-768x439.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e1241e8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"e1241e8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2eadd78 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2eadd78\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">When to apply the Friedman test?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d65ea18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d65ea18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two factors justify using the Friedman test.<\/span><\/p><ul><li><b>Non-parametric data<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: data does not need to follow a normal distribution. A normal distribution (or bell curve) emerges when most values cluster around the mean. For instance, when measuring the height of 1,000 adults, most are expected to be around 1.70 m. In such cases, a <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/analysis-of-variance-anova-a-basic-tool-for-data-analysis\">test like ANOVA<\/a> would be appropriate.<\/span><\/li><li><b>Paired data<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: comparing two (or more) groups of participants on a particular test, where they are subjected to the same evaluations, for example, on beverages, homeopathic granules&#8230; Repeated measures are conducted on the same subjects \u2013 or objects.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bcd5cc8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bcd5cc8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Friedman test generates <\/span><b>rankings<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><b>scores<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Since it can be applied to non-parametric data and <\/span><b>offers more degrees of freedom<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, the Friedman test is more adaptable than the ANOVA test.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-80f8532 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"80f8532\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Master statistical tests<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fea4445 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"fea4445\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-54b530e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"54b530e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Examples of using the Friedman test<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9d08ee9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9d08ee9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The Friedman test can be utilized to assess several options on the same individuals, objects, or scenarios, making it applicable across a wide range of sectors.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Scientific or medical research<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Biologists can assess the effectiveness of several treatments on the same patients.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Marketing<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A consumer panel evaluates the qualities of three smartphone prototypes or three ice cream flavors.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Education<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Different teaching methods are tested on the same group of students.<\/span><\/p><h4><b>Sports<\/b><\/h4><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The effectiveness of physical exercises is compared among several athletes.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1f980bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1f980bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"571\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/friedman-test-datascientest-2.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-193476\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/friedman-test-datascientest-2.webp 1000w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/friedman-test-datascientest-2-300x171.webp 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/friedman-test-datascientest-2-768x439.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a849a0e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"a849a0e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2918ac9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"2918ac9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">What the Friedman test seeks to obtain?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8f829d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f8f829d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Revisiting the examples mentioned before, distinct results are achieved in each scenario.<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A specific treatment is deemed more effective than the others,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Consumers rank the ice creams or smartphones tested,<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Two of the teaching methods yield better outcomes than the others.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A particular physical exercise markedly enhances the athletes&#8217; physique.<\/span><\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d6f6c29 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"d6f6c29\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92b9be5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"92b9be5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Ranking and comparing<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-182641f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"182641f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Therefore, the Friedman test <\/span><b>helps determine if one option is superior or distinctly different<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from the others and can be applied to small samples, where the ANOVA test presumes a normal distribution for larger samples.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd74b68 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"cd74b68\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Train with DataScientest<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-47e2576 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"47e2576\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-b7b643d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"b7b643d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n      \"name\": \"What is the Friedman test?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"The Friedman test is a non-parametric statistical test used to compare multiple dependent samples. 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Post-hoc tests can then be used to determine which groups differ.\"\r\n      }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n      \"name\": \"What is the difference between the Friedman test and repeated measures ANOVA?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"The Friedman test is a non-parametric alternative to repeated measures ANOVA. It is used when data do not follow a normal distribution or when ANOVA assumptions are not met.\"\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n  ]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>When looking to establish a comparison on a small sample, especially to showcase data like consumer preferences or the relative effectiveness of various treatments, the Friedman test emerges as the apt solution. The Friedman test is a statistical approach employed to compare several paired samples or repeated observations. Learn how to use the Friedman test [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":193451,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2425],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Friedman test: What is it? How to use it?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover the Friedman test, a non-parametric statistical method for comparing dependent data. Complete guide on its application and interpretation.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-friedman-test\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Friedman test: What is it? 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