{"id":194064,"date":"2025-04-14T06:08:00","date_gmt":"2025-04-14T05:08:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/?p=194064"},"modified":"2025-04-14T09:08:54","modified_gmt":"2025-04-14T08:08:54","slug":"all-about-cross-site-scripting","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-cross-site-scripting","title":{"rendered":"XSS (Cross-Site Scripting): What is it? How to protect against it?"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"194064\" class=\"elementor elementor-194064\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3ef571e e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"3ef571e\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-82f1064 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"82f1064\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><b>An XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) cyberattack is accessible to all cybercriminals, yet it can have a catastrophic impact on the victims. To understand its potential effects and address it effectively, let&#8217;s explore its mechanisms and various forms!<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9e47f43 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9e47f43\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">At a time when the slightest vulnerability can expose millions of <\/span><b>sensitive data<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ensuring the security of web applications has become a top priority. Among the most common vulnerabilities, <\/span><b>Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is notable for its simplicity of execution and its destructive potential.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This type of attack allows a malicious actor to <\/span><b>inject scripts into web pages accessible to users<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, potentially compromising their browsing experience, stealing personal data, or even their digital identity&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b83aae elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"3b83aae\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Discover our courses<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8d715e2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"8d715e2\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ad0453c elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"ad0453c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Origin and Basic Principle of XSS<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a7d2ee4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"a7d2ee4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a computer attack technique that involves <\/span><b>injecting malicious code<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, typically in the form of <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/javascript-unveiled-a-comprehensive-guide-to-the-language-of-the-web\">JavaScript<\/a> scripts, into web pages displayed to users. Unlike other types of attacks that directly target servers or <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/database-what-is-it\">databases<\/a>, XSS exploits users&#8217; trust in a <\/span><b>vulnerable web application<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The term Cross-Site Scripting originates from early applications of this method, where attackers could <\/span><b>inject scripts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> from an external domain, thereby enabling a &#8220;cross-site&#8221; execution across multiple sites.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Although technically inaccurate in some modern contexts, the acronym XSS was adopted to avoid confusion with <\/span><b>CSS (Cascading Style Sheets)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. So, what is the attackers&#8217; aim? Generally, it is to <\/span><b>steal sensitive data<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as cookies or session information.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The goal can also be to <\/span><b>take control of user accounts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by exploiting active sessions, or to <\/span><b>hijack the user experience<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> by redirecting them to malicious sites. Hackers may also attempt to install <\/span><b>malware<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on victims&#8217; devices through scripts downloaded in the background.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Now that you know the basics of this type of cyberattack, let&#8217;s delve into the different forms these attacks can take to understand the specific nuances and dangers!<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4304353 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"4304353\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"615\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-1.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-194071\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-1.webp 1000w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-1-300x185.webp 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-1-768x472.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-68aa4d8 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"68aa4d8\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bd33c84 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"bd33c84\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Different Types and Variants<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76783f5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"76783f5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Three main categories of XSS attacks can be identified, each exploiting specific <\/span><b>vulnerabilities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in web applications. <\/span><b>Reflected XSS<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or <\/span><b>non-persistent XSS<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> attacks, occur when a malicious script is injected via user input (such as a form or URL) and directly reflected in the server response without being stored.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For instance, a malicious user could send a <\/span><b>URL containing a script<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> within a parameter like &#8220;https:\/\/example.com\/search?q=&lt;script&gt;alert(\u2018XSS\u2019)&lt;\/script&gt;&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If the site does not properly sanitize this input, the script will execute in the browsers of users clicking on this link. This type of attack can be used to <\/span><b>steal cookies or redirect victims to malicious sites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">However, the second category, persistent XSS, is far more dangerous since the <\/span><b>malicious script<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> is stored on the server (for example, in a database) and executes every time a user loads the vulnerable page.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-92c268c elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"92c268c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Learn all about vulnerabilities<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d97850 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6d97850\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">For example, an attacker might insert a script in a comment field on a website, causing the script to run in every user&#8217;s browser visiting this section.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">An instance could be &#8220;<\/span><b>&lt;script&gt;alert(\u2018Your account has been compromised\u2019)&lt;\/script&gt;<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">&#8220;. This method is often used to infect numerous users simultaneously.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The third type is DOM-Based XSS, where the malicious script does not pass through the server. Instead, it is directly injected into the browser&#8217;s DOM tree using JavaScript.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A malicious script can modify the DOM through an <\/span><b>unfiltered user input<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as in the code &#8220;document.write(location.hash);&#8221;.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">If a user loads a URL like &#8220;https:\/\/example.com\/#&lt;script&gt;alert(\u2018XSS\u2019)&lt;\/script&gt;&#8221;, the script will execute directly in the DOM.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">More subtle than the other two attack types, this variant requires an in-depth understanding of JavaScript interactions.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a0ca8d5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a0ca8d5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"615\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-2.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-194070\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-2.webp 1000w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-2-300x185.webp 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-2-768x472.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7a2bb6f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"7a2bb6f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c6eb833 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c6eb833\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Serious Consequences for Web Applications and Their Users<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3f75ba1 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3f75ba1\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">A website that succumbs to an <\/span><b>XSS attack<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> might lose its users&#8217; trust, resulting in decreased traffic and damage to its reputation. With regulations like GDPR, a company failing to adequately protect its users can even <\/span><b>be held accountable for attacks and face heavy fines<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Moreover, attackers can exploit <\/span><b>XSS vulnerabilities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to send spam or launch attacks against other users. For users, a consequence could be the theft of sensitive data. <\/span><b>Malicious scripts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can capture cookies, session information, or data entered in forms.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This information can then be used to <\/span><b>seize control of accounts<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> or <\/span><b>commit fraud<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Attacks may also exploit XSS to display fake user interfaces, prompting victims to willingly provide sensitive data.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Furthermore, some XSS scripts serve as an entry point for downloading and executing <\/span><b>malware<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> on users&#8217; devices. To prevent such disasters, it is crucial to identify and rectify <\/span><b>XSS vulnerabilities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> before they can be exploited.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-96c1d5f elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"96c1d5f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Taking a closer look at vulnerabilities<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c31db6b e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"c31db6b\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7e461b5 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7e461b5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">How to Detect XSS Vulnerabilities?<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-792b946 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"792b946\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Ensuring the security of web applications requires detecting XSS vulnerabilities as a vital step. Numerous methods and tools can achieve this. A common initial choice is to use automated security tools. For example, <\/span><b>Burp Suite<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can identify XSS vulnerabilities through <\/span><b>automated testing<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, the open-source tool <\/span><b>OWASP ZAP<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> aids in analyzing <\/span><b>HTTP requests<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and identifying potential vulnerabilities. These solutions are quick to configure and efficient for covering a wide array of common cases.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Furthermore, a manual audit of user inputs is often necessary to <\/span><b>identify complex vulnerabilities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that automated tools might overlook. This process involves identifying all user inputs in the application (forms, URL parameters, search fields) and then injecting simple malicious scripts to test server responses and behaviors in dynamic pages generated by the <\/span><b>client (DOM-Based XSS)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1671317 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1671317\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"615\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-3.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-194069\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-3.webp 1000w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-3-300x185.webp 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-3-768x472.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-85f6582 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"85f6582\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This method is advantageous for complex scenarios and allows a deep understanding of <\/span><b>data flows<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Another approach is conducting framework-based tests, such as those suggested by the <\/span><b>OWASP Testing Guide<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. They provide comprehensive methodologies to <\/span><b>detect XSS<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">This includes tests for input and output validation and verification of <\/span><b>security policies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> like <\/span><b>Content Security Policies (CSP)<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Specific context tests can also be performed. For example, <\/span><b>HTML encoding<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> tests whether tags or special characters are correctly escaped.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">JavaScript execution allows verification of whether user inputs can execute JavaScript. Meanwhile, DOM manipulations help identify potential client-side script injections.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4604489 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"4604489\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-10d6eaa elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"10d6eaa\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Best Practices for Protection<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-36d441a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"36d441a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Preventing XSS attacks involves <\/span><b>establishing robust strategies<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to limit the opportunities for injecting malicious scripts. By leveraging specialized libraries like <\/span><b>DOMPurify<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, one can <\/span><b>filter out harmful data<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> to sanitize user inputs. Any unexpected content or non-compliant content can be rejected.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Server-side and client-side validation ensures data compliance upon receipt and avoids relying solely on <\/span><b>client-side controls<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, which can be bypassed. Another technique involves encoding sensitive data. Special <\/span><b>characters<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can be converted into HTML or JavaScript entities, preventing them from being interpreted as executable code.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Implementing a Content Security Policy (CSP) is also crucial. This involves <\/span><b>defining strict rules for loading content<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, such as allowing scripts only from trusted sources or blocking the execution of inline or unauthorized scripts.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Using <\/span><b>modern frameworks with built-in protection<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> can also prevent certain injections if best practices are followed. Examples include <\/span><b>Angular<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>React<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and <\/span><b>Vue.js<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. However, the most important factor remains educating developers. They must understand the <\/span><b>XSS risks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> and adopt secure coding practices.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a7d8bf elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1a7d8bf\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"616\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-4.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-194068\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-4.webp 1000w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-4-300x185.webp 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-4-768x473.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bf63bab elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"bf63bab\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Find a course for you<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-73df3db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"73df3db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Several notorious examples of XSS attacks illustrate the destructive potential of these vulnerabilities. In 2011, an XSS attack targeted Facebook users through a link shared in private messages.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">When users clicked on the link, a <\/span><b>malicious script<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> would execute and automatically post the same link on the infected user&#8217;s wall, resulting in a rapid <\/span><b>viral spread<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> that affected millions and caused many to lose trust in the platform.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0336550 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"0336550\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-76c8a07 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"76c8a07\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">The Worst XSS Attacks in History<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1ecb3d0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"1ecb3d0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Similarly, in 2017, an XSS vulnerability was found in a popular WordPress <\/span><b>plug-in<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Attackers could inject scripts into comment fields, affecting all users visiting the compromised page.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Hackers thereby stole user data and took <\/span><b>control of several websites<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Thousands of sites had to immediately update their plug-ins. Even today, many XSS vulnerabilities continue to be detected.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The <\/span><b>CISA<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> recently reported on the exploitation of a <\/span><b>5-year-old flaw in jQuery<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, and malicious actors also took advantage of a <\/span><b>vulnerability in the Roundcube Webmail client<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. During the elections in Romania, the electoral infrastructure faced over <\/span><b>85,000 cyberattacks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, some of which exploited XSS vulnerabilities&#8230;<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6204751 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"6204751\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-4ef9f20 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"4ef9f20\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-xl\">Conclusion: XSS, a Major Threat to Web Applications<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ead7350 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"ead7350\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Cross-Site Scripting remains a <\/span><b>major threat<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> in the cybersecurity landscape, affecting both small applications and renowned platforms.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-876cd8f elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"876cd8f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"1000\" height=\"620\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-5.webp\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-194067\" alt=\"\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-5.webp 1000w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-5-300x186.webp 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest-5-768x476.webp 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1000px) 100vw, 1000px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7732338 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7732338\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">The diversity of attacks\u2014whether <\/span><b>Reflected<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, <\/span><b>Stored<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, or <\/span><b>DOM-Based<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u2014demonstrates the ingenuity of attackers and underscores the urgency for developers and companies to take preventive measures.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">As recent news highlights, even well-established technologies like jQuery can be exploited if not regularly updated. This emphasizes a critical need: integrating security from the early development stages, raising team awareness, and relying on modern tools to <\/span><b>detect and remediate vulnerabilities<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> before they are exploited.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">To learn how to effectively thwart <\/span><b>XSS attacks<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, you can <\/span><b>choose DataScientest<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Our training courses will equip you with all the skills required to become an analyst, administrator, consultant, or cybersecurity engineer.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">Additionally, we also offer <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/course-devops\">DevOps<\/a> or <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/software-engineer-everything-you-need-to-know-about-this-role-2\">Software Engineer<\/a> courses that will teach you to <\/span><b>develop highly secure web applications<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> protected against Cross-Site Scripting!<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">All our training programs are conducted remotely through BootCamps, alternance, or continuously, enabling you to receive a diploma and certification. Our organization is also eligible for funding through CPF or France Travail. <\/span><b>Discover DataScientest!<\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d8981c elementor-align-center button-principal elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6d8981c\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/data-courses\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Discover our training courses<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-02f9098 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"02f9098\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">You now know everything about XSS attacks. For more information on related topics, check out <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-phishing\">our article on phishing<\/a> and <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/cyber-attacks-definition-and-modus-operandi\">our article on the different types of cyberattacks<\/a>!<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3d84295 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"3d84295\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc9782d elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"dc9782d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n      \"name\": \"What is Cross-Site Scripting (XSS)?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"Cross-Site Scripting (XSS) is a security vulnerability that allows an attacker to inject malicious code (usually JavaScript) into a web application, which then executes on the user's side.\"\r\n      }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n      \"name\": \"What are the types of XSS attacks?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"The main types of XSS attacks are: Stored XSS (malicious code is saved on the server), Reflected XSS (the code is injected via a user request), and DOM-based XSS (the script is manipulated directly through the Document Object Model).\"\r\n      }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n      \"name\": \"What are the risks of an XSS attack?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"An XSS attack can allow an attacker to steal sensitive data such as cookies or session credentials, alter the appearance of a web page, or execute unauthorized actions on behalf of the user.\"\r\n      }\r\n    },\r\n    {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n      \"name\": \"How to protect against XSS attacks?\",\r\n      \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n        \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n        \"text\": \"To protect against XSS attacks, it is recommended to validate and escape all user inputs, use security headers such as Content Security Policy (CSP), and disable the execution of unauthorized scripts.\"\r\n      }\r\n    }\r\n  ]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>An XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) cyberattack is accessible to all cybercriminals, yet it can have a catastrophic impact on the victims. To understand its potential effects and address it effectively, let&#8217;s explore its mechanisms and various forms! At a time when the slightest vulnerability can expose millions of sensitive data, ensuring the security of web applications [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":45,"featured_media":194066,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2426],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>XSS (Cross-Site Scripting): What is it? How to protect against it?<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Discover XSS (Cross-Site Scripting), a common vulnerability in cybersecurity. Understand its types, risks, and how to protect your site against these dangerous attacks.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-cross-site-scripting\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"XSS (Cross-Site Scripting): What is it? How to protect against it?\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"An XSS (Cross-Site Scripting) cyberattack is accessible to all cybercriminals, yet it can have a catastrophic impact on the victims. To understand its\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-cross-site-scripting\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Data Science Courses | DataScientest\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:publisher\" content=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/DataScientestEN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2025-04-14T05:08:00+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-04-14T08:08:54+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/files\/2025\/02\/Cross-site-scripting-xss-datascientest.webp\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"1200\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"600\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/webp\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Daniel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:creator\" content=\"@DataScientest__\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:site\" content=\"@DataScientest__\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Written by\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Daniel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Estimated reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"8 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"Article\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-cross-site-scripting#article\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/all-about-cross-site-scripting\"},\"author\":{\"name\":\"Daniel\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/en\/#\/schema\/person\/5a86e30c5090234fb43dd8baa83c44b0\"},\"headline\":\"XSS (Cross-Site Scripting): What is it? 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