{"id":180938,"date":"2022-11-22T13:15:31","date_gmt":"2022-11-22T13:15:31","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/?p=180938"},"modified":"2024-01-24T09:43:10","modified_gmt":"2024-01-24T09:43:10","slug":"algorithme-de-classification-definition-et-principaux-modeles","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/algorithme-de-classification-definition-et-principaux-modeles","title":{"rendered":"Algorithme de classification : D\u00e9finition et principaux mod\u00e8les"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"180938\" class=\"elementor elementor-180938\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-780f720 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"780f720\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31fd9bd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"31fd9bd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Si l\u2019apprentissage automatique permet aux organisations d\u2019\u00eatre plus efficaces et de prendre les meilleures d\u00e9cisions, encore faut-il que les experts en data science ma\u00eetrisent les diff\u00e9rents algorithmes d\u2019intelligence artificielle. Car il en existe plusieurs dizaines. Et chacun r\u00e9pond \u00e0 un objectif particulier. Dans cet article, nous allons justement \u00e9tudier les diff\u00e9rents algorithmes de classification.<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-91cc785 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"91cc785\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c4c020d elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c4c020d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019un algorithme de classification ?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d67d236 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"d67d236\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">D\u00e9finition<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-452004e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"452004e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>Avant toute chose, il convient de voir ce qu\u2019est un algorithme : un ensemble d&rsquo;op\u00e9rations suivies dans un ordre pr\u00e9cis afin de r\u00e9soudre un probl\u00e8me ou d\u2019apporter de nouvelles solutions. Comme l\u2019apprentissage par un <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/intelligence-artificielle-quelles-sont-les-tendances-en-2022\">syst\u00e8me d\u2019intelligence artificielle<\/a>.<\/p><p>C\u2019est justement le r\u00f4le des algorithmes de classification utilis\u00e9s en machine learning. Ils <strong>permettent au logiciel d\u2019apprendre en toute autonomie<\/strong> \u00e0 partir de plusieurs ensembles de donn\u00e9es.<\/p><p>L\u2019id\u00e9e est alors de <strong>classifier les diff\u00e9rents \u00e9l\u00e9ments d\u2019un jeu de donn\u00e9es<\/strong> en plusieurs cat\u00e9gories. Ces derni\u00e8res regroupent les datas en fonction de leur similarit\u00e9. Comme les datas pr\u00e9sentent des caract\u00e9ristiques communes, il est plus facile de pr\u00e9dire leur comportement.<\/p><p>Par exemple, pour une boutique e-commerce, les internautes qui reviennent plusieurs fois sur le site sont plus susceptibles d\u2019acheter que ceux qui ne le consultent plus jamais. L\u2019algorithme de classification segmente ainsi les utilisateurs en diff\u00e9rentes cat\u00e9gories afin de permettre \u00e0 l\u2019entreprise d\u2019adapter sa communication.<\/p><p>Ces diff\u00e9rents mod\u00e8les d\u2019apprentissage peuvent donc \u00eatre utilis\u00e9s pour l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/data-analysis-tout-savoir\">analyse des donn\u00e9es<\/a> et pour l\u2019analyse pr\u00e9dictive.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a9589f4 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"a9589f4\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Une classification supervis\u00e9e<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9154de0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9154de0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019algorithme de classification fait partie des <strong>m\u00e9thodes d\u2019<\/strong><a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/apprentissage-supervise\">apprentissage supervis\u00e9<\/a>. C\u2019est-\u00e0-dire que les pr\u00e9dictions sont r\u00e9alis\u00e9es \u00e0 partir de donn\u00e9es historiques.<\/p><p>\u00c0 l\u2019inverse de l\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/apprentissage-non-supervise\">apprentissage non supervis\u00e9<\/a> o\u00f9 il n\u2019y a pas de classes pr\u00e9d\u00e9finies. Il faut donc constituer les cat\u00e9gories en fonction des attributs communs, pour ensuite r\u00e9aliser la pr\u00e9diction.<\/p><p>Au sein m\u00eame de ces algorithmes supervis\u00e9s, <strong>on oppose les algorithmes d\u2019apprentissage par classification et par pr\u00e9diction (ou de r\u00e9gression)<\/strong>. Dans ce dernier cas, il s\u2019agit de pr\u00e9dire de nouvelles donn\u00e9es en fonction d\u2019une valeur r\u00e9elle sp\u00e9cifique, et non plus d\u2019une cat\u00e9gorie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-165f4fc elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"165f4fc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-image{text-align:center}.elementor-widget-image a{display:inline-block}.elementor-widget-image a img[src$=\".svg\"]{width:48px}.elementor-widget-image img{vertical-align:middle;display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"500\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/apprentissage-supervisee-vs-non-supervisee.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-180955\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/apprentissage-supervisee-vs-non-supervisee.png 900w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/apprentissage-supervisee-vs-non-supervisee-300x167.png 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/apprentissage-supervisee-vs-non-supervisee-768x427.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c8b74f4 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"c8b74f4\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5dd306f elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"5dd306f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Quels sont les principaux mod\u00e8les de classification ? <\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9c17aed elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"9c17aed\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tIl existe de nombreux algorithmes d\u2019apprentissage supervis\u00e9 bas\u00e9s sur la classification. Nous avons r\u00e9uni les principaux dans cette liste non exhaustive.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c106b79 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c106b79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La machine \u00e0 vecteurs de support (SVM)<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5a9a5db elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5a9a5db\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cet <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/algorithme\">algorithme<\/a> est consid\u00e9r\u00e9 comme un <strong>classificateur lin\u00e9aire<\/strong>. Son r\u00f4le est de s\u00e9parer les jeux de donn\u00e9es \u00e0 travers des lignes (appel\u00e9s hyperplans). Pour cela, l\u2019algorithme doit maximiser les distances entre la ligne s\u00e9paratrice et les diff\u00e9rents \u00e9chantillons situ\u00e9s de part et d&rsquo;autre. Les plus proches de la ligne sont appel\u00e9s les vecteurs supports.<\/p><p>L\u2019id\u00e9e est donc de <strong>trouver l\u2019hyperplan optimal<\/strong> ; celui qui distingue parfaitement les deux classes afin de minimiser les erreurs de classification. Cela permet de s\u00e9parer clairement les donn\u00e9es pour identifier facilement des classes simples. Par exemple, des grandes et des petites villes. Lorsqu\u2019il s\u2019agit de donn\u00e9es plus complexes, comme le mat\u00e9riel g\u00e9n\u00e9tique d\u2019un individu, il n\u2019est pas si simple d\u2019identifier les diff\u00e9rentes cat\u00e9gories. Cet algorithme ne sera donc pas le plus pertinent.<\/p><p>Bien souvent, on retrouve <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/svm\">SVM<\/a> dans le secteur de la finance, pour comparer les performances actuelles et futures, les retours sur investissement, etc.<\/p><p><em><strong>Bon \u00e0 savoir<\/strong> : Si cet algorithme est principalement utilis\u00e9 pour la classification des donn\u00e9es, il peut aussi \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 en mati\u00e8re de r\u00e9gression.<\/em><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f8454bc elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"f8454bc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les arbres de d\u00e9cision<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3a1e79e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3a1e79e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>L\u2019<a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/random-forest-definition\">arbre de d\u00e9cision<\/a> est un algorithme classant les diff\u00e9rentes donn\u00e9es sous forme de branche. Il part d\u2019une racine o\u00f9 chaque data prend une certaine direction en fonction de son comportement. Ce qui permet ensuite de <strong>pr\u00e9dire les variables de r\u00e9ponse<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Comme pour les arbres, les intersections sont appel\u00e9es les n\u0153uds, et leurs finalit\u00e9s, les feuilles. Les n\u0153uds repr\u00e9sentent alors les r\u00e8gles permettant de <strong>s\u00e9parer les datas en diff\u00e9rentes cat\u00e9gories<\/strong>, et les feuilles sont les informations elles-m\u00eames.<\/p><p>Voici un exemple tr\u00e8s simple :<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-332bba6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"332bba6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style type=\"text\/css\">\r\n.tg  {border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0;}\r\n.tg td{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;\r\n  overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}\r\n.tg th{border-color:black;border-style:solid;border-width:1px;font-family:Arial, sans-serif;font-size:14px;\r\n  font-weight:normal;overflow:hidden;padding:10px 5px;word-break:normal;}\r\n.tg .tg-uv8w{background-color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;font-size:16px;text-align:left;\r\n  vertical-align:top}\r\n.tg .tg-60lo{background-color:#c0c0c0;font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;\r\n  text-align:center;vertical-align:middle}\r\n.tg .tg-9o86{background-color:#C0C0C0;font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;font-size:16px;font-weight:bold;\r\n  text-align:left;vertical-align:top}\r\n.tg .tg-4yde{background-color:#ffffff;font-family:Tahoma, Geneva, sans-serif !important;font-size:16px;text-align:center;\r\n  vertical-align:middle}\r\n<\/style>\r\n<table class=\"tg\" style=\"undefined;table-layout: fixed; width: 600px\">\r\n<colgroup>\r\n<col style=\"width: 100px\">\r\n<col style=\"width: 250px\">\r\n<col style=\"width: 250px\">\r\n<\/colgroup>\r\n<thead>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-uv8w\"><\/th>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-60lo\"><span style=\"font-weight:bold\">Plus de 100 000 d\u2019habitant<\/span><\/th>\r\n    <th class=\"tg-60lo\"><span style=\"font-weight:bold\">Ville en Ile-de-France<\/span><\/th>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n<\/thead>\r\n<tbody>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-9o86\"><span style=\"font-weight:bold;background-color:#C0C0C0\">Paris<\/span><\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-4yde\">Oui<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-4yde\">Oui<\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-9o86\"><span style=\"font-weight:bold;background-color:#C0C0C0\">Courbevoie<\/span><\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-4yde\">Non<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-4yde\">Oui<\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n  <tr>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-9o86\"><span style=\"font-weight:bold;background-color:#C0C0C0\">Marseille<\/span><\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-4yde\">Oui<\/td>\r\n    <td class=\"tg-4yde\">Non<\/td>\r\n  <\/tr>\r\n<\/tbody>\r\n<\/table>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1fdd72a elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"1fdd72a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"750\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/image1.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-180951\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/image1.png 750w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/image1-300x300.png 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/image1-150x150.png 150w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 750px) 100vw, 750px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65d57d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"65d57d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cet algorithme de classification est <strong>tr\u00e8s facile \u00e0 comprendre<\/strong>, m\u00eame par les non experts de la data. Cela dit, lorsqu\u2019il repr\u00e9sente de gros volumes de donn\u00e9es, il devient plus difficile \u00e0 appr\u00e9hender.<\/p><p>On le retrouve pour l\u2019anticipation de la variation du taux d\u2019emprunt, de la r\u00e9action du march\u00e9 en cas de changement, etc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dbe53ac elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"dbe53ac\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La r\u00e9partition en K-moyennes (K-means)<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7c621d6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7c621d6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cet algorithme de classification trie les donn\u00e9es en diff\u00e9rents groupes en fonction de leurs caract\u00e9ristiques.<\/p><p>Pour cela, il \u00e9tablit <strong>une moyenne de r\u00e9f\u00e9rence parmi un jeu de donn\u00e9es<\/strong>, ce qui permet alors de d\u00e9finir un profil type.<\/p><p>L\u2019avantage de l\u2019algorithme <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/algorithme-des-k-means\">K-means<\/a> est sa <strong>pr\u00e9cision<\/strong>. Et ce, m\u00eame en traitant de grand volume de donn\u00e9es rapidement.<br \/>De par son efficacit\u00e9, le K-means, rencontre une multitude d&rsquo;applications : les moteurs de recherche pour proposer des r\u00e9sultats pertinents au regard des attentes des utilisateurs, les entreprises pour anticiper le comportement des prospects ou internautes, les responsables informatiques pour analyser la performance des syst\u00e8mes et r\u00e9seaux, etc.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-272455a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"272455a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le classificateur bay\u00e9sien na\u00eff<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c64501 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"8c64501\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Cet algorithme reprend le th\u00e9or\u00e8me de Bayes et les probabilit\u00e9s conditionnelles.<\/p><p>Il repose sur les jeux de donn\u00e9es \u00e9tiquet\u00e9s, et les associe \u00e0 d\u2019autres donn\u00e9es non \u00e9tiquet\u00e9es pour les classifier.<\/p><p>Le classificateur bay\u00e9sien na\u00eff est principalement utilis\u00e9 dans le <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/bert-un-outil-de-traitement-du-langage-innovant\">traitement du langage naturel<\/a>. Autrement dit, c\u2019est ce qui permet aux machines de comprendre plus facilement le langage humain.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1793c98 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1793c98\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le KNN (K-nearest neighbors)<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-15f7a3d elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"15f7a3d\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Le <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/knn\">K-nearest neighbors<\/a> (ou algorithmes des plus proches voisins) peut \u00eatre utilis\u00e9 \u00e0 la fois comme <strong>algorithme de r\u00e9gression ou de classification<\/strong>. Mais c\u2019est souvent dans cette deuxi\u00e8me hypoth\u00e8se qu\u2019il est utilis\u00e9.<\/p><p>L\u2019id\u00e9e est alors de classifier les variables d\u2019un jeu de donn\u00e9es en <strong>analysant les similitudes entre elles<\/strong>. Pour cela, le KNN utilise un graphique et calcule la distance entre les diff\u00e9rents points. Ceux qui sont les plus proches sont enregistr\u00e9s dans la m\u00eame cat\u00e9gorie.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-a1f1190 elementor-widget elementor-widget-image\" data-id=\"a1f1190\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"image.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<img decoding=\"async\" width=\"900\" height=\"450\" src=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/algorithme-de-classification-knn.png\" class=\"attachment-full size-full wp-image-180967\" alt=\"\" loading=\"lazy\" srcset=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/algorithme-de-classification-knn.png 900w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/algorithme-de-classification-knn-300x150.png 300w, https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/algorithme-de-classification-knn-768x384.png 768w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 900px) 100vw, 900px\" \/>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7093a3e elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"7093a3e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">La r\u00e9gression lin\u00e9aire<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d091985 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d091985\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u2019est l\u2019un des algorithmes de classification les plus utilis\u00e9s. L\u2019id\u00e9e est d\u2019effectuer des <strong>corr\u00e9lations simples entre les entr\u00e9es et les sorties<\/strong>. Cela permet ainsi d\u2019expliquer comment le changement d\u2019une variable peut affecter l\u2019autre.<\/p><p>C\u2019est la simplicit\u00e9 de ce mod\u00e8le qui en fait son succ\u00e8s aupr\u00e8s des data scientists. Et pour cause, il ne n\u00e9cessite que peu de param\u00e8tres, est facile \u00e0 repr\u00e9senter sur un graphique et \u00e0 expliquer aupr\u00e8s des d\u00e9cideurs.<\/p><p>\u00c0 ce titre, il est souvent utilis\u00e9 dans le domaine commercial pour pr\u00e9voir le nombre de ventes, ou plus globalement pour anticiper les risques.<\/p><blockquote><p><strong>Bon \u00e0 savoir<\/strong> : \u00c0 l\u2019inverse, de la r\u00e9gression logistique qui pr\u00e9dit la cat\u00e9gorie de la variable d\u00e9pendante en fonction de la variable ind\u00e9pendante, la r\u00e9gression lin\u00e9aire traite des variables ind\u00e9pendantes.<\/p><\/blockquote>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c86ad18 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c86ad18\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h4 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Perceptron<\/h4>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-97863f6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"97863f6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>C\u2019est l\u2019un des algorithmes les plus simples, et surtout <strong>l\u2019un des plus anciens<\/strong>, puisqu\u2019il a \u00e9t\u00e9 invent\u00e9 en 1957 par Frank Rosenblatt.<\/p><p>Plus pr\u00e9cis\u00e9ment, il s\u2019agit d\u2019un <strong>algorithme de classification binaire<\/strong>. Il va alors comparer la somme de plusieurs signaux d\u2019entr\u00e9e. Si le montant d\u00e9passe un certain seuil ou non, <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/perceptron\">Perceptron<\/a> conclut \u00e0 un r\u00e9sultat en fonction de la r\u00e8gle d\u00e9finie en amont. Cette r\u00e8gle est appel\u00e9e Perceptron Learning Rule qui permet au r\u00e9seau neuronal d\u2019apprendre de mani\u00e8re automatique.<\/p><p>Cet algorithme se r\u00e9v\u00e8le tr\u00e8s utile pour d\u00e9tecter des tendances issues des donn\u00e9es d\u2019entr\u00e9es.<\/p><p>Au-del\u00e0 de ces diff\u00e9rents algorithmes de classification, il en existe encore d\u2019autres qui vous permettent de classer les datas.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-db9b9a9 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"db9b9a9\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c2defbd elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"c2defbd\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comment conna\u00eetre les algorithmes de machine learning ?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c552053 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c552053\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Indispensable au machine learning, les algorithmes de classification sont des outils ma\u00eetris\u00e9s par les data scientists et data analysts. Pour les comprendre, il convient toutefois de <strong>suivre une formation sp\u00e9cialis\u00e9e en data<\/strong>. C\u2019est justement le cas de <strong>nos formations chez DataScientest<\/strong>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5f39a79 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"5f39a79\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/formations-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">D\u00e9couvrir nos formations data<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f4bbb13 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"f4bbb13\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-71cdb50 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"71cdb50\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\r\n{\r\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\r\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\r\n  \"mainEntity\": [{\r\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n    \"name\": \"Qu\u2019est-ce qu\u2019un algorithme de classification ?\u200b\",\r\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"L\u2019id\u00e9e est alors de classifier les diff\u00e9rents \u00e9l\u00e9ments d\u2019un jeu de donn\u00e9es en plusieurs cat\u00e9gories. Ces derni\u00e8res regroupent les datas en fonction de leur similarit\u00e9. Comme les datas pr\u00e9sentent des caract\u00e9ristiques communes, il est plus facile de pr\u00e9dire leur comportement.\"\r\n    }\r\n  },{\r\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\r\n    \"name\": \"Quels sont les principaux mod\u00e8les de classification ? \u200b\",\r\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\r\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\r\n      \"text\": \"L\u2019arbre de d\u00e9cision est un algorithme classant les diff\u00e9rentes donn\u00e9es sous forme de branche. Il part d\u2019une racine o\u00f9 chaque data prend une certaine direction en fonction de son comportement. Ce qui permet ensuite de pr\u00e9dire les variables de r\u00e9ponse.\"\r\n    }\r\n  }]\r\n}\r\n<\/script>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Si l\u2019apprentissage automatique permet aux organisations d\u2019\u00eatre plus efficaces et de prendre les meilleures d\u00e9cisions, encore faut-il que les experts en data science ma\u00eetrisent les diff\u00e9rents algorithmes d\u2019intelligence artificielle. Car il en existe plusieurs dizaines. Et chacun r\u00e9pond \u00e0 un objectif particulier. Dans cet article, nous allons justement \u00e9tudier les diff\u00e9rents algorithmes de classification. Qu\u2019est-ce [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":77,"featured_media":180940,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2497],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Algorithme de classification : D\u00e9finition et principaux mod\u00e8les<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Les experts en data science doivent ma\u00eetriser les diff\u00e9rents algorithmes d\u2019intelligence artificielle, dont les algorithmes de classification.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/algorithme-de-classification-definition-et-principaux-modeles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Algorithme de classification : D\u00e9finition et principaux mod\u00e8les\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/algorithme-de-classification-definition-et-principaux-modeles\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Formation Data Science | DataScientest.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2022-11-22T13:15:31+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2024-01-24T09:43:10+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/11\/algorithme-de-classification.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"900\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"500\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Raphael Kassel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Raphael Kassel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"7 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/algorithme-de-classification-definition-et-principaux-modeles\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/algorithme-de-classification-definition-et-principaux-modeles\",\"name\":\"Algorithme de classification : D\u00e9finition et principaux mod\u00e8les\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2022-11-22T13:15:31+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2024-01-24T09:43:10+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/#\/schema\/person\/6eca16f63daaafcbc96e15549b9d4ee1\"},\"description\":\"Les experts en data science doivent ma\u00eetriser les diff\u00e9rents algorithmes d\u2019intelligence artificielle, dont les algorithmes de classification.\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/algorithme-de-classification-definition-et-principaux-modeles\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/\",\"name\":\"Formation Data Science | DataScientest.com\",\"description\":\"Leader de la formation en Data Science\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":\"required name=search_term_string\"}],\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\"},{\"@type\":\"Person\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/#\/schema\/person\/6eca16f63daaafcbc96e15549b9d4ee1\",\"name\":\"Raphael Kassel\",\"image\":{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"fr-FR\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/#\/schema\/person\/image\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/raph.jpeg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/11\/raph.jpeg\",\"caption\":\"Raphael Kassel\"},\"description\":\"Raphael Kassel est le Head of Data Programs chez DataScientest. 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