{"id":32669,"date":"2021-01-07T18:56:27","date_gmt":"2021-01-07T17:56:27","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/?p=32669"},"modified":"2023-11-09T14:10:25","modified_gmt":"2023-11-09T14:10:25","slug":"tensorflow","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/tensorflow","title":{"rendered":"TensorFlow : le framework de Machine Learning de Google"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"32669\" class=\"elementor elementor-32669\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-de2bcff elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"de2bcff\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d4f4b3f\" data-id=\"d4f4b3f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3938f22 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"3938f22\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h2 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">TensorFlow est un framework de Machine Learning cr\u00e9\u00e9 par Google et disponible en open source. D\u00e9couvrez tout ce que vous devez savoir \u00e0 son sujet : histoire, fonctionnement, avantages, formations...<\/h2>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8688ca1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8688ca1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5b6b482\" data-id=\"5b6b482\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-3b29514 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"3b29514\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p>Le <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/machine-learning-tout-savoir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Machine Learning<\/a> est une discipline complexe, mais il existe heureusement des outils simplifiant son impl\u00e9mentation. Parmi ces ressources, on compte <strong>le framework TensorFlow de Google<\/strong>.<\/p>\n<p>Il s&rsquo;agit d&rsquo;une <strong>biblioth\u00e8que Open Source de calcul num\u00e9rique<\/strong> et de Machine Learning compatible avec <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/python-tout-savoir\">le langage Python<\/a>. Elle simplifie le processus d&rsquo;acquisition de donn\u00e9es, d&rsquo;entra\u00eenement des mod\u00e8les de Machine Learning, de g\u00e9n\u00e9ration de pr\u00e9dictions et de raffinement des r\u00e9sultats futurs.<\/p>\n<p><span style=\"background-color: #ffffff;\">TensorFlow<\/span>&nbsp;regroupe des mod\u00e8les et des algorithmes de Machine Learning <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/quelle-difference-entre-le-machine-learning-et-deep-learning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">et de Deep Learning<\/a>.&nbsp;<a href=\"https:\/\/www.python.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Le langage Python<\/a>&nbsp;offre une API front-end pratique et confortable pour cr\u00e9er des applications \u00e0 l&rsquo;aide de ce framework. Ces applications peuvent ensuite \u00eatre ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es en C++.<\/p>\n<p>Il est possible de se servir de ce framework pour <strong>entra\u00eener et ex\u00e9cuter des r\u00e9seaux de neurones profonds<\/strong> pour la classification de chiffres manuscrits, pour la reconnaissance d&rsquo;image, pour le plongement lexical, pour les r\u00e9seaux de neurones r\u00e9currents, pour les mod\u00e8les \u00a0\u00bb sequence-to-sequence \u00a0\u00bb de traduction automatique, pour le traitement naturel du langage, et pour les simulations bas\u00e9es sur les \u00e9quations aux d\u00e9riv\u00e9es partielles.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-3e3125f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"3e3125f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-c136051\" data-id=\"c136051\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-84cfc8b elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"84cfc8b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/sdIINp0-CAA&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-video .elementor-widget-container{overflow:hidden;transform:translateZ(0)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio)}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{height:100%;width:100%;display:flex;border:none;background-color:#000}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ var(--video-aspect-ratio))}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper iframe,.elementor-widget-video .elementor-wrapper video{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-open-inline .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0;background-size:cover;background-position:50%}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{cursor:pointer;text-align:center}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay:hover .elementor-custom-embed-play i{opacity:1}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{display:block;width:100%;aspect-ratio:var(--video-aspect-ratio);-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover;-o-object-position:center center;object-position:center center}@supports not (aspect-ratio:1\/1){.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay{position:relative;overflow:hidden;height:0;padding-bottom:calc(100% \/ var(--video-aspect-ratio))}.elementor-widget-video .elementor-custom-embed-image-overlay img{position:absolute;top:0;right:0;bottom:0;left:0}}.elementor-widget-video .e-hosted-video .elementor-video{-o-object-fit:cover;object-fit:cover}.e-con-inner>.elementor-widget-video,.e-con>.elementor-widget-video{width:var(--container-widget-width);--flex-grow:var(--container-widget-flex-grow)}<\/style>\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-8a509bc elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"8a509bc\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-68d68a3\" data-id=\"68d68a3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-883ba7a elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"883ba7a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">L'histoire de TensorFlow<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-51bcc90 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"51bcc90\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-9c673db\" data-id=\"9c673db\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-cd3fefe elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"cd3fefe\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\tTensorFlow fut initialement <strong>cr\u00e9\u00e9 par l&rsquo;\u00e9quipe Google Brain<\/strong>. L&rsquo;objectif \u00e9tait \u00e0 l&rsquo;origine d&rsquo;utiliser les r\u00e9seaux de neurones pour am\u00e9liorer les services de Google tels que Gmail, Photos ou le moteur de recherche.\n\nGr\u00e2ce \u00e0 ce framework, les chercheurs et les d\u00e9veloppeurs pouvaient travailler ensemble sur un mod\u00e8le IA. Par la suite, TensorFlow fut <strong>rendu public \u00e0 la fin de l&rsquo;ann\u00e9e 2015<\/strong> pour la premi\u00e8re fois. La premi\u00e8re version stable date toutefois de 2017.\n\nCet outil est <strong>open source sous la licence Apache Open Source<\/strong>. Il est donc possible de l&rsquo;utiliser, de le modifier et de redistribuer la version modifi\u00e9e sous forme commerciale sans devoir payer Google.\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-9a17ad9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"9a17ad9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-2320dc3\" data-id=\"2320dc3\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-74733d8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"74733d8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comment \u00e7a fonctionne ?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-183e556 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"183e556\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-473f4dd\" data-id=\"473f4dd\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-5cadced elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"5cadced\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Les d\u00e9veloppeurs peuvent cr\u00e9er <strong>des \u00ab\u00a0dataflow graphs\u00a0\u00bb <\/strong>(graphiques de dataflows). Il s&rsquo;agit de structures permettant de d\u00e9crire comment les donn\u00e9es sont transf\u00e9r\u00e9es par le biais de graphiques ou d&rsquo;une s\u00e9rie de noeuds de traitement.<\/p><p>Chaque <strong>noeud du graphique<\/strong> repr\u00e9sente une op\u00e9ration math\u00e9matique. Chaque connexion entre les noeuds est un tableau de donn\u00e9es multidimensionnel : un tensor.<\/p><p>L&rsquo;interaction avec TensorFlow s&rsquo;effectue par le biais <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/blog-data-ia-actualites\/programmation-python\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">du langage Python<\/a>, \u00e0 la fois simple \u00e0 apprendre et \u00e0 utiliser. Ce langage permet d&rsquo;exprimer facilement comment les abstractions de haut-niveau peuvent \u00eatre coupl\u00e9es ensemble.<\/p><p>Les <strong>noeuds et les tensors de TensorFlow<\/strong> sont des objets Python. Les applications TensorFlow, elles-m\u00eames, sont des applications Python.<\/p><p>N\u00e9anmoins, les op\u00e9rations math\u00e9matiques en elles-m\u00eames ne sont pas effectu\u00e9es en Python. Les biblioth\u00e8ques de transformations accessibles via TensorFlow sont \u00e9crites sous forme <strong>de binaires C++<\/strong> \u00e0 haute performance. Le langage Python se contente de diriger le trafic entre les diff\u00e9rentes pi\u00e8ces, et permet de les connecter entre elles par le biais d&rsquo;abstractions de haut niveau.<\/p><p>Les applications TensorFlow peuvent \u00eatre ex\u00e9cut\u00e9es sur une machine locale, un cluster sur le Cloud, des smartphones et tablettes iOS ou Android, ou encore des CPU et des GPU. Sur son propre Cloud, Google propose d&rsquo;ex\u00e9cuter TensorFlow sur <strong>ses puces TensorFlow Processing Unit (TPU)<\/strong> pour profiter d&rsquo;une acc\u00e9l\u00e9ration accrue. Les mod\u00e8les cr\u00e9\u00e9s par TensorFlow peuvent ensuite \u00eatre d\u00e9ploy\u00e9s sur n&rsquo;importe quel appareil afin de d\u00e9livrer des pr\u00e9dictions.<\/p><p>Avec <strong>TensorFlow 2.0, lanc\u00e9 en octobre 2019<\/strong>, le framework a subi une refonte en profondeur. Les modifications apport\u00e9es sont bas\u00e9es sur les retours des utilisateurs.<\/p><p>Cette nouvelle version est plus performante et plus simple d&rsquo;utilisation, notamment via l&rsquo;usage de <strong>l&rsquo;API Keras pour l&rsquo;entra\u00eenement des mod\u00e8les<\/strong>. Une nouvelle API simplifie l&rsquo;entra\u00eenement distribu\u00e9.<\/p><p>La <strong>compatibilit\u00e9 avec TensorFlow Lite<\/strong> permet de d\u00e9ployer des mod\u00e8les sur une plus large vari\u00e9t\u00e9 de plateformes. Seul b\u00e9mol : le code \u00e9crit pour les versions ant\u00e9rieures de TensorFlow doit \u00eatre r\u00e9\u00e9crit pour profiter pleinement des nouvelles fonctionnalit\u00e9s de TensorFlow 2.0.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7ed7af3 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7ed7af3\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d111200\" data-id=\"d111200\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6e0d37a elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6e0d37a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/formation-machine-learning-engineer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Apprendre \u00e0 utiliser TensorFlow<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4a08880 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4a08880\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-57087ab\" data-id=\"57087ab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac4383a elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"ac4383a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/www.youtube.com\\\/watch?v=2FmcHiLCwTU&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-6f58ba7 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"6f58ba7\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b75dfe\" data-id=\"4b75dfe\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a42e57 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a42e57\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les avantages de TensorFlow<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2520fe5 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2520fe5\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4ea6385\" data-id=\"4ea6385\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f59d978 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"f59d978\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>TensorFlow apporte de nombreux avantages pour le d\u00e9veloppement Machine Learning. L&rsquo;un des principaux <strong>est l&rsquo;abstraction<\/strong>.<\/p><p>Plut\u00f4t que d&rsquo;avoir \u00e0 s&rsquo;attarder sur les d\u00e9tails li\u00e9s \u00e0 l&rsquo;impl\u00e9mentation d&rsquo;algorithmes ou \u00e0 la connexion entre les fonctions, les d\u00e9veloppeurs peuvent <strong>se focaliser sur la logique g\u00e9n\u00e9rale<\/strong> de l&rsquo;application. Le framework se charge des d\u00e9tails techniques.<\/p><p>Le <strong>d\u00e9bogage et l&rsquo;inspection des applications<\/strong> sont \u00e9galement simplifi\u00e9s. Par exemple, le mode \u00a0\u00bb eager execution \u00a0\u00bb permet d&rsquo;\u00e9valuer et de modifier chaque op\u00e9ration d&rsquo;un graphique s\u00e9par\u00e9ment. Le graphique n&rsquo;est donc pas un objet unique et opaque \u00e0 \u00e9valuer enti\u00e8rement. La suite de visualisation TensorBoard, quant \u00e0 elle, permet d&rsquo;inspecter la fa\u00e7on dont les graphiques sont ex\u00e9cut\u00e9s par le biais d&rsquo;un tableau de bord interactif bas\u00e9 sur le web.<\/p><p>En outre, <strong>le fait que Google soit derri\u00e8re ce projet<\/strong> est un r\u00e9el atout. Ceci a permis d&rsquo;acc\u00e9l\u00e9rer le d\u00e9veloppement, mais aussi de cr\u00e9er de nombreuses offres autour de TensorFlow simplifiant son d\u00e9ploiement et son utilisation.<\/p><p>On peut citer<strong> les puces TPU<\/strong> permettant des performances accrues sur le Google Cloud, mais aussi un hub online pour le partage de mod\u00e8les cr\u00e9\u00e9s avec le framework, ou encore les versions mobiles et web.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-0cc5aad elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"0cc5aad\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-5bdab42\" data-id=\"5bdab42\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-df90da9 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"df90da9\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/yjprpOoH5c8&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-87fa097 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"87fa097\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-b51786b\" data-id=\"b51786b\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-e81afbb elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"e81afbb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Les alternatives \u00e0 TensorFlow<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-128e6a0 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"128e6a0\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-1fae391\" data-id=\"1fae391\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-0968365 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"0968365\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Il existe <strong>plusieurs alternatives \u00e0 TensorFlow<\/strong> sur le march\u00e9 des frameworks de Machine Learning. Parmi les plus populaires, on peut citer PyTorch, CNTK et MXNet.<\/p><p><strong>PyTorch<\/strong> pr\u00e9sente de nombreuses similitudes avec TensorFlow. Ce framework est bas\u00e9 sur le langage Python, et repose sur des composants acc\u00e9l\u00e9r\u00e9s via hardware. Il offre aussi un mod\u00e8le de d\u00e9veloppement hautement interactif et de nombreux composants tr\u00e8s utiles d\u00e9j\u00e0 inclus.<\/p><p>De mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, Pytorch est un meilleur choix <strong>pour le d\u00e9veloppement rapide<\/strong> de projets. En revanche, on lui pr\u00e9f\u00e8re TensorFlow pour les projets plus larges et les flux de travail plus complexes.<\/p><p><strong>CNTK est la suite d&rsquo;outils de Microsoft Cognitive<\/strong>. Tout comme TensorFlow, elle utilise une structure graphique pour d\u00e9crire les flux de donn\u00e9es. Cependant, elle se focalise sur la cr\u00e9ation de r\u00e9seaux de neurones Deep Learning.<\/p><p>De fait, CNTK peut g\u00e9rer <strong>les t\u00e2ches de r\u00e9seaux de neurones<\/strong> plus rapidement. Elle offre aussi un ensemble d&rsquo;APIs plus vaste : Python, C++, C#, Java&#8230; il est cependant plus difficile \u00e0 ma\u00eetriser et \u00e0 d\u00e9ployer que TensorFlow.<\/p><p>Enfin, <strong>Apache MXNet a \u00e9t\u00e9 adopt\u00e9 par Amazon<\/strong> comme le principal framework de Deep Learning sur AWS. Il est possible de l&rsquo;\u00e9tendre de fa\u00e7on lin\u00e9aire sur de multiples GPUs et machine. Ce framework est compatible avec une large vari\u00e9t\u00e9 d&rsquo;APIs de langages de programmation : Python, C++, Scala, R, JavaScript, Julia, Perl, Go&#8230;<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4647aa1 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4647aa1\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-6441f3d\" data-id=\"6441f3d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-48aa716 elementor-widget elementor-widget-video\" data-id=\"48aa716\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-settings=\"{&quot;youtube_url&quot;:&quot;https:\\\/\\\/youtu.be\\\/744f60NyAgc&quot;,&quot;video_type&quot;:&quot;youtube&quot;,&quot;controls&quot;:&quot;yes&quot;}\" data-widget_type=\"video.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-wrapper elementor-open-inline\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-video\"><\/div>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-2ce0b68 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"2ce0b68\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-707f258\" data-id=\"707f258\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-1a06260 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"1a06260\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comment apprendre \u00e0 l'utiliser ?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-4f50f44 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"4f50f44\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-cab6eb9\" data-id=\"cab6eb9\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-c339d2f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"c339d2f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Pour apprendre \u00e0 utiliser TensorFlow, vous pouvez vous tourner vers notre formation <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/machine-learning-engineer-tout-savoir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\"><span style=\"color: #5e36f3\">de Machine Learning Engineer<\/span><\/a>. Vous apprendrez \u00e0 utiliser tous les principaux outils et techniques d&rsquo;ing\u00e9nieur en apprentissage automatique, et notamment le framework de Google.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-05e7e6b elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"05e7e6b\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-d51ca1d\" data-id=\"d51ca1d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6d8dccb elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"6d8dccb\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/formation-machine-learning-engineer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">D\u00e9buter une formation Machine Learning Engineer<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7c7899d elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7c7899d\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-4b76fab\" data-id=\"4b76fab\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bce5107 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bce5107\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p>Vous savez tout sur TensorFlow. D\u00e9couvrez d&rsquo;autres outils incontournables du Machine Learning, comme <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/apache-airflow-tout-savoir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">le planificateur de flux de travail Apache AirFlow<\/a> et le <a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/github-tout-savoir\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">service d&rsquo;h\u00e9bergement de code GitHub<\/a>.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-005546f e-flex e-con-boxed e-con\" data-id=\"005546f\" data-element_type=\"container\" data-settings=\"{&quot;content_width&quot;:&quot;boxed&quot;}\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-fa434e7 elementor-widget elementor-widget-html\" data-id=\"fa434e7\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"html.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<script type=\"application\/ld+json\">\n{\n  \"@context\": \"https:\/\/schema.org\",\n  \"@type\": \"FAQPage\",\n  \"mainEntity\": [{\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"L'histoire de TensorFlow\",\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"TensorFlow fut initialement cr\u00e9\u00e9 par l'\u00e9quipe Google Brain. L'objectif \u00e9tait \u00e0 l'origine d'utiliser les r\u00e9seaux de neurones pour am\u00e9liorer les services de Google tels que Gmail, Photos ou le moteur de recherche.\"\n    }\n  },{\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"Comment \u00e7a fonctionne ?\u200b\",\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"Les d\u00e9veloppeurs peuvent cr\u00e9er des \\\" dataflow graphs \\\" (graphiques de dataflows). Il s'agit de structures permettant de d\u00e9crire comment les donn\u00e9es sont transf\u00e9r\u00e9es par le biais de graphiques ou d'une s\u00e9rie de noeuds de traitement.\"\n    }\n  },{\n    \"@type\": \"Question\",\n    \"name\": \"Les avantages de TensorFlow\",\n    \"acceptedAnswer\": {\n      \"@type\": \"Answer\",\n      \"text\": \"TensorFlow apporte de nombreux avantages pour le d\u00e9veloppement Machine Learning. L'un des principaux est l'abstraction. 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Vous apprendrez \u00e0 utiliser tous les principaux outils et techniques d'ing\u00e9nieur en apprentissage automatique, et notamment le framework de Google.\"\n    }\n  }]\n}\n<\/script>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>TensorFlow est un framework de Machine Learning cr\u00e9\u00e9 par Google et disponible en open source. D\u00e9couvrez tout ce que vous devez savoir \u00e0 son sujet : histoire, fonctionnement, avantages, formations&#8230; Le Machine Learning est une discipline complexe, mais il existe heureusement des outils simplifiant son impl\u00e9mentation. Parmi ces ressources, on compte le framework TensorFlow de [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":77,"featured_media":39759,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2497],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>TensorFlow : le framework de Machine Learning de Google<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"TensorFlow est un framework de Machine Learning cr\u00e9\u00e9 par Google. D\u00e9couvrez tout ce que vous devez savoir : fonctionnement, formation...\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/tensorflow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"fr_FR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"TensorFlow : le framework de Machine Learning de Google\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/tensorflow\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Formation Data Science | DataScientest.com\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:published_time\" content=\"2021-01-07T17:56:27+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2023-11-09T14:10:25+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2021\/01\/illu_tensorflow_blog-65.png\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:width\" content=\"2560\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:height\" content=\"1406\" \/>\n\t<meta property=\"og:image:type\" content=\"image\/png\" \/>\n<meta name=\"author\" content=\"Raphael Kassel\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"\u00c9crit par\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"Raphael Kassel\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:label2\" content=\"Dur\u00e9e de lecture estim\u00e9e\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data2\" content=\"6 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/tensorflow\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/tensorflow\",\"name\":\"TensorFlow : le framework de Machine Learning de Google\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"2021-01-07T17:56:27+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2023-11-09T14:10:25+00:00\",\"author\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/#\/schema\/person\/6eca16f63daaafcbc96e15549b9d4ee1\"},\"description\":\"TensorFlow est un framework de Machine Learning cr\u00e9\u00e9 par Google. 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