{"id":57367,"date":"2021-03-23T14:23:00","date_gmt":"2021-03-23T13:23:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/?p=57367"},"modified":"2025-01-21T17:09:39","modified_gmt":"2025-01-21T17:09:39","slug":"encapsulation-tout-savoir","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/encapsulation-tout-savoir","title":{"rendered":"Encapsulation : d\u00e9finition et importance"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-post\" data-elementor-id=\"57367\" class=\"elementor elementor-57367\" data-elementor-post-type=\"post\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1e68f03 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1e68f03\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-ad1467d\" data-id=\"ad1467d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-6ae136e elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"6ae136e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-stacked .elementor-drop-cap{background-color:#69727d;color:#fff}.elementor-widget-text-editor.elementor-drop-cap-view-framed .elementor-drop-cap{color:#69727d;border:3px solid;background-color:transparent}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap{margin-top:8px}.elementor-widget-text-editor:not(.elementor-drop-cap-view-default) .elementor-drop-cap-letter{width:1em;height:1em}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap{float:left;text-align:center;line-height:1;font-size:50px}.elementor-widget-text-editor .elementor-drop-cap-letter{display:inline-block}<\/style>\t\t\t\t<p><strong>L&rsquo;encapsulation est un concept fondamental en programmation orient\u00e9e objet, qui permet de prot\u00e9ger et d&rsquo;organiser les donn\u00e9es d&rsquo;un programme de mani\u00e8re efficace. D\u00e9couvrez tout ce qu&rsquo;il y a \u00e0 savoir sur ce principe essentiel et la mani\u00e8re dont il peut am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de votre code.<\/strong><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-d6ccbed elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"d6ccbed\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7a4e56f\" data-id=\"7a4e56f\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-dc945a8 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"dc945a8\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;<\/span><b>encapsulation <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">est un m\u00e9canisme consistant \u00e0 rassembler les donn\u00e9es et les m\u00e9thodes au sein d&rsquo;une structure en cachant l&rsquo;impl\u00e9mentation de l&rsquo;objet, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire en emp\u00eachant l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es par un autre moyen que les services propos\u00e9s. L&rsquo;encapsulation permet donc de garantir l&rsquo;<\/span><b>int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> contenues dans l&rsquo;<\/span><b>objet<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Ainsi, si l\u2019on veut prot\u00e9ger des informations contre une modification inattendue, on doit se r\u00e9f\u00e9rer au principe d\u2019encapsulation.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-b8bfa0f elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"b8bfa0f\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-998321d\" data-id=\"998321d\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8ac3ff5 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"8ac3ff5\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/formations-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">D\u00e9couvrir nos formations en Data Science<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-7a596c9 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"7a596c9\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-7d2270a\" data-id=\"7d2270a\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-65aada3 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"65aada3\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<style>\/*! elementor - v3.15.0 - 02-08-2023 *\/\n.elementor-heading-title{padding:0;margin:0;line-height:1}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title[class*=elementor-size-]>a{color:inherit;font-size:inherit;line-height:inherit}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-small{font-size:15px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-medium{font-size:19px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-large{font-size:29px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xl{font-size:39px}.elementor-widget-heading .elementor-heading-title.elementor-size-xxl{font-size:59px}<\/style><h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Le masquage des informations<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d1fc138 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d1fc138\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">En Java, comme dans beaucoup de langages de <\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/programmation-orientee-objet-guide-ultime\">programmation orient\u00e9e objet<\/a><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, les classes, les attributs et les m\u00e9thodes b\u00e9n\u00e9ficient de <\/span><b>niveaux d&rsquo;accessibilit\u00e9<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, qui indiquent dans quelles circonstances on peut acc\u00e9der \u00e0 ces \u00e9l\u00e9ments.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;utilisateur d&rsquo;une classe n&rsquo;a pas forc\u00e9ment besoin de savoir de quelle mani\u00e8re sont structur\u00e9es les donn\u00e9es dans l&rsquo;objet, soit leur\u00a0<\/span><b>impl\u00e9mentation<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">. Ainsi, en interdisant \u00e0 l&rsquo;utilisateur de modifier directement les attributs, et en l&rsquo;obligeant \u00e0 utiliser les fonctions d\u00e9finies pour les modifier (appel\u00e9es <\/span><b>interfaces<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">), on est capable de s&rsquo;assurer de l&rsquo;int\u00e9grit\u00e9 des donn\u00e9es. On pourra par exemple s&rsquo;assurer que le type des donn\u00e9es fournies est conforme aux attentes, ou encore que les donn\u00e9es se trouvent bien dans l&rsquo;intervalle attendu.<\/span><\/p><p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">L&rsquo;encapsulation permet de d\u00e9finir des niveaux de visibilit\u00e9 des \u00e9l\u00e9ments de la <\/span><strong><a href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/glossary\/classe\">classe<\/a><\/strong><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"><strong>.<\/strong> Ces niveaux de visibilit\u00e9 d\u00e9finissent les <\/span><b>droits d&rsquo;acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> selon que l&rsquo;on y acc\u00e8de par une m\u00e9thode de la classe elle-m\u00eame, d&rsquo;une <\/span><b>classe h\u00e9riti\u00e8re<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">, ou bien d&rsquo;une classe quelconque. Il existe quatre niveaux de visibilit\u00e9 :<\/span><\/p><ul><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Visibilit\u00e9 par d\u00e9faut<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">\u00a0<strong>:<\/strong> aucun modificateur de visibilit\u00e9 n&rsquo;est indiqu\u00e9.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Visibilit\u00e9 publique :<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> les fonctions de toutes les classes peuvent acc\u00e9der aux donn\u00e9es ou aux m\u00e9thodes d&rsquo;une classe d\u00e9finie avec le niveau de visibilit\u00e9\u00a0\u00ab\u00a0public\u00a0\u00bb. Il s&rsquo;agit du plus bas niveau de protection des donn\u00e9es.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Visibilit\u00e9 prot\u00e9g\u00e9e <\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">: l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es est r\u00e9serv\u00e9 aux fonctions des classes h\u00e9riti\u00e8res, c&rsquo;est-\u00e0-dire par les fonctions membres de la classe et des classes d\u00e9riv\u00e9es. Ainsi, Un attribut ou une m\u00e9thode d\u00e9clar\u00e9e \u00ab\u00a0protected\u00a0\u00bb est accessible uniquement aux classes d&rsquo;un package et \u00e0 ses sous-classes m\u00eame si elles sont d\u00e9finies dans un package diff\u00e9rent.<\/span><\/li><li style=\"font-weight: 400;\" aria-level=\"1\"><b>Visibilit\u00e9 priv\u00e9e <\/b>: l&rsquo;acc\u00e8s aux donn\u00e9es est limit\u00e9 aux m\u00e9thodes de la classe elle-m\u00eame. Il s&rsquo;agit du niveau de protection des donn\u00e9es le plus \u00e9lev\u00e9<\/li><\/ul>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-74cc553 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"74cc553\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fbd7739\" data-id=\"fbd7739\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-8c1efa0 elementor-widget elementor-widget-heading\" data-id=\"8c1efa0\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"heading.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t<h3 class=\"elementor-heading-title elementor-size-default\">Comment choisir le niveau de visibilit\u00e9 des diff\u00e9rents \u00e9l\u00e9ments d\u2019une classe ?<\/h3>\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-eed6273 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"eed6273\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\">La vraie difficult\u00e9 r\u00e9side donc dans la d\u00e9termination du \u00ab bon \u00bb niveau de visibilit\u00e9 des diff\u00e9rents \u00e9l\u00e9ments de la classe. De mani\u00e8re g\u00e9n\u00e9rale, il convient toujours d\u2019essayer de <\/span><b>prot\u00e9ger un maximum<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> le code de l\u2019ext\u00e9rieur et donc de d\u00e9finir le <\/span><b>niveau d\u2019accessibilit\u00e9 minimum<\/b><span style=\"font-weight: 400;\"> possible. Ensuite, il va falloir s\u2019interroger sur le niveau de sensibilit\u00e9 de chaque \u00e9l\u00e9ment et sur les impacts que peuvent avoir chaque niveau d\u2019acc\u00e8s \u00e0 un \u00e9l\u00e9ment sur le reste d\u2019une classe tout en identifiant les diff\u00e9rents autres \u00e9l\u00e9ments qui vont avoir besoin d\u2019acc\u00e9der \u00e0 cet \u00e9l\u00e9ment pour fonctionner.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-acf9cf6 elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"acf9cf6\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-fb172a5\" data-id=\"fb172a5\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-31b79e2 elementor-align-center button-principale elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"31b79e2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm elementor-animation-grow\" href=\"https:\/\/datascientest.com\/formations-data\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">En savoir plus sur nos formations en Data Science<\/span>\n\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>L&rsquo;encapsulation est un concept fondamental en programmation orient\u00e9e objet, qui permet de prot\u00e9ger et d&rsquo;organiser les donn\u00e9es d&rsquo;un programme de mani\u00e8re efficace. D\u00e9couvrez tout ce qu&rsquo;il y a \u00e0 savoir sur ce principe essentiel et la mani\u00e8re dont il peut am\u00e9liorer la qualit\u00e9 de votre code. L&rsquo;encapsulation est un m\u00e9canisme consistant \u00e0 rassembler les donn\u00e9es [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":77,"featured_media":62645,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"elementor_theme","format":"standard","meta":{"content-type":"","inline_featured_image":false},"categories":[2497],"tags":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v21.7 (Yoast SEO v21.7) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>Encapsulation : d\u00e9finition et importance<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"L&#039;encapsulation est un concept important en programmation orient\u00e9e objet. 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